Denis Sassou Nguesso, Perezida wa Repubulika ya Congo, ni umwe mu bakuru b’ibihugu byo muri Afurika bamaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi, aho ukusanyije imyaka yose ategetse usanga imyaka hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’imyaka afite ayimaze ku butegetsi nk’uko tugiye kubirebera hamwe tugaruka ku mateka ye nyuma yo kuvugwa mu mabanga yashyizwe ahagaragara y’abayobozi bagiye bigwizaho imitungo mu buryo budasobanutse ku Isi.
Sassou Nguesso yavukiye ahitwa Edou ku itariki ya 23 Ugushyingo 1943, ni umusirikare akaba n’umunyapolitiki wabaye Perezida wa Repubulika ya Congo kuva mu 1997. Yabanje kuba Perezida kuva mu 1979 kugeza mu 1992.
Muri icyo gihe yayoboye ishyaka PCT (Parti Congolais du Travail) mu gihe cy’imyaka 12. Yaje kwemera politiki y’amashyaka menshi mu 1990 yamburwa kwiharira ububasha bwose n’Inama y’Igihugu yo mu 1991 agumana ububasha bw’umukuru w’igihugu.
Yiyamamaje mu matora yo mu 1992 ariko aratsindwa aza ku mwanya wa gatatu.
Sassou Nguesso yahise aba umuyobozi w’ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu mbere yo kugaruka ku butegetsi mu ntambara ya kabiri hagati y’abaturage muri Repubulika ya Congo, aho inyeshyamba yari ayoboye zahiritse Perezida Pascal Lissouba.
Nyuma y’igihe cy’inzibacyuho, yatsinze amatora yo mu 2002 yitabiriwe ku rugero rwo hasi n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, yongera gutorwa mu 2009. Yahinduye itegeko nshinga muri referandumu yo mu 2015 yamaganwe n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi ariko ntibyagira icyo bitanga, bituma yongera kwiyamamaza ndetse atsinda amatora yo mu 2016 ku bwiganze mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’amatora.
Nguesso ukomoka mu bwoko bwa Mbochi, nk’uko twabivuze haruguru yavukiye ahitwa Edou, mu karere ka Oyo, mu majyaruguru ya Congo mu 1943. Ababyeyi be ni Julien Nguesso na Émilienne Mouebara. Nguesso niwe wari umuhererezi mu muryango w’iwabo. Ise Julien yari umuyobozi w’abahigi uvuga rikijyana muri Edou.
Amashuri abanza yayigiye ahitwaga Fort Rousset, Owando y’ubu. Amashuri yisumbuye yayize kuri College ya Dolisie hagati y’1956 n’1960. Yahise yinjira mu gisirikare muri uwo mwaka mbere y’uko igihugu kibona ubwigenge.
Yafatiye amasomo ya gisirikare muri Algeria, mu 1962 asubira muri Congo ahita ajya mu rwego rwa ba ofisiye bato ku ipeti rya Sous Lieutenant. Nyuma y’umwaka umwe, yahise ajya gukurikirana amasomo y’ingabo zirwanira ku butaka mu ishuri rya Saint-Maixent-l’École , mu Bufaransa, aho yavuye ari Lieutenant wuzuye yagera iwabo akajya mu mutwe w’ingabo kabuhariwe za Congo.
Nguesso yabaye umwe mu basirikare bakuru bashinze umutwe w’ingabo zitrwanira mu kirere, batayo ya mbere y’Abaparakomando b’Igisirikare cya Congo yashinzwe mu 1965. Yayoboye ingabo zirwanira mu kirere, igisirikare na zone ya gisirikare mu murwa mukuru, Brazzaville (ZAB), mbere yo kuyobora urwego rw’ubutasi rwa serivisi zishinzwe umutekano z’igihugu. Yahise aba Captain, nyuma aba Commander, aza kuzamurwa ku ipeti rya Colonel mu 1978 mbere yo kugirwa General mu 1989.
Ibintu yakoze kuva mu 1963 kugeza agiye ku butegetsi mu 1979
Mu 1968, Sassou Nguesso yabaye umwe mu gatsiko k’abasirikare bahiritse Perezida Massemba Debat bashyira ku butegetsi Commander Marien Ngouabi, kandi yari umwe mu bashinze Inama y’Igihugu y’Impinduramatwara muri Kanama 1968. Iyi nama yari iyobowe na Ngouabi yayoboye igihugu mu nzibacyuho mbere yo kuba perezida ku mugaragaro muri Mutarama 1969.
Mu Ukuboza 1969, Sassou Nguesso yatorewe kuba umunyamuryango wa Komite ya mbere nkuru y’ishyaka rishya ryari rishinzwe rya PCT (Parti Congolais du travail), ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ryagenderaga ku ngengabitekerezo ya Karl Marx na Lenine ryari riyobowe na Marien Ngouabi wari perezida wa Komite Nkuru akaba n’umukuru w’igihugu.
Muri icyo gihe kandi hashinzwe itegeko nshinga rishya ku itariki ya 31 Ukuboza 1969 ryatangaje ko igihugu kibaye Repubulika ya Rubanda ya Congo.
Muri Werirwe 1970, nyuma y’igeragezwa ryo guhirika ubutegetsi ryari riyobowe na Pirre Kinganga, uwahoze ari lieutenant wari warahungiye i Kinshasa, hahise haterana inama idasanzwe ya Kongere ya PCT, Sassou Nguesso yinizwa muri biro politiki y’ishyaka.
Ku itariki ya 18 Gicurasi 1973, Sassou Nguesso wari umaze kuzamurwa akagirwa Commander w’igisirikare cyo mu kirere, yanagizwe Umuyobozi w’Umutekano w’Igihugu.
Mu 1975, mu gihe igihugu cyari cyugarijwe n’ibibazo by’ubukungu, hateranye indi nama idasanzwe ya komite nkuru y’ishyaka PCT. Biro politiki y’ishyaka yari igizwe n’abantu 8 yareguye isimbuzwa n’ikiswe “Etat major spécial révolutionnaire” cyari kigizwe n’abantu batanu bayobowe na Marien Ngouabi, Sassou nguesso ari umwe muri bo, bahita bategura inyendiko ikubiyemo ibyo bari bagiye kwibandaho mu bijyanye n’ubukungu na politiki mu gihugu, basohora ikiswe “Déclaration du 12 décembre 1975”.
Muri icyo gihe Sassou Nguesso yagizwe minisitiri w’ingabo n’umutekano afite imyaka 32 y’amavuko yonyine.
Ku itariki ya 18 Werurwe 1977, Perezida Marien Ngouabi yarishwe mu buryo n’ubu butarasobanuka, ibinyamakuru bya leta bitangaza ko yishwe n’abakomando bayobowe na Capt. Barthelemey Kikadidi, mu gihe abandi batekereza ko iyicwa rye ari akagambane kateguwe na bamwe mu basirikare bakuru bari begereye ubutegetsi, na Sassou Nguesso arimo birumvikana!
Komite ya gisirikare y’ishyaka PCT (Comité militaire du PCT) igizwe n’abasirikare bakuru 11 yari iyobowe na Sassou Nguesso, yahise ifata ubutegetsi ihindura itegeko nshinga ryo mu 1973. Nguesso yabaye perezida w’agateganyo guhera tariki 18 Werurwe kugeza tariki 6 Mata 1977, arangije ubutegetsi abuha Gen. Joachim Yhombi –Opango wabaye perezida.
Sassou Nguesso yahise aba visi perezida wa mbere wa komite akomeza kuba ku mwanya wa minisitiri w’ingabo. Iminsi mikeya nyuma y’iyicwa rya Marien Ngouabi, Alphonse Massamba-Debat wahoze ari perezida na Pascal Lissouba wari minisitiri w’intebe we batawe muri yombi bose urukiko rubashinja akagambane mu iyicwa rya Ngouabi. Massamba Debat yishwe ku itariki ya 25 Werurwe 1977, mu gihe Lissouba yakatiwe gufungwa burundu no gukora imirimo y’agahato.
Sassou-Nguesso yaje kugirwa Perezida w’agateganyo w’ishyaka ku itariki ya 8 Gashyantare mbere yo kwemezwa muri kongere idasanzwe yo kuwa 31 Werurwe 1979 nk’umuyobozi wa Komite nkuru y’ishyaka, perezida wa Repubulika n’umukuru w’igihugu mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu.
Ku itariki ya 08 Nyakanga 1979, mu gihugu habaye amatora rusange yemeje ishyaka rukumbi rya PCT ko ari ryo ryayatsinze. Hatowe kandi itegeko nshinga rishya ryemeza imisingi ya politiki n’ubukungu y’igihugu izashingira ku matwara ya gisosiyalisiti.
Sassou Nguesso rero yayoboye igihugu nka perezida kuva muri Gashyantare 1979 kugeza ku itariki ya 31 Kanama 1992 nyuma yo gutsindwa amatora yitabiriwe n’amashyaka menshi yari amaze imyaka ibiri yemewe mu gihugu. Yahise asimburwa na Pascal Lissouba mu gihe we yagize amajwi 17%.
Nguesso yahise ajya mu ruhande rutavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, bigeze mu 1993 mu gihugu haduka intambara yatewe no kutemera ibyavuye mu matora y’abadepite, intambara yari irimo impande zitandukanye harimo urwa Perezida Lissouba wari ufite n’inyeshyamba zimushyigikiye, urwa Bernard Kolelas wayoboraga Brazzaville, n’urwa Sassou Nguesso wari ufite inyeshyamba zitwa Cobras.
Mu ntangiriro y’iyi ntambara, uruhare rwa Bernard Kolelas (wari ufite inyeshyamba zitwa Abaninja)rwirinze kugira uruhande rushyigikira, ariko ku itariki ya 08 Nzeri 1997 yagiye ku ruhande rwa perezida anagirwa Minisitiri w’intebe.
Ku itariki ya 18 Nzeri, igisirikare cya Angola cyinjiye muri iyi ntambara giha ubufasha bufatika Sassou Nguesso, maze ku itariki ya 14 Ukwakira igitero cya nyuma cyifashishijwemo indege z’indwanyi za Angola cyagabwe ku ngoro ya perezida no mu nkengero mu majyepfo ya Brazzaville, no ku mujyi wa Pointe Noire ku nyeshyamba z’Aba Zoulous, Cocoys, Aubervillois na Mambas zari zishyigikiye Perezida Lissouba no ku Baninja ba Kolelas, maze ku itariki ya 25 Ukwakira 1997 Sassou Nguesso yisubiza ubutegetsi.
Nk’uko tubikesha BBC, inyandiko z’ibanga zashyizwe ahagaragara na Pandora Papers muri iyi weekend zivuga ko Perezida Sassou-Nguesso umaze hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’imyaka afite ku butegetsi bwa Congo (imyaka 37 yose hamwe), afite kompanyi igenzura ibirombe bya diyama, iri mu mutungo ukomeye w’iki gihugu.
Mbere y’izi nyandiko kandi ntibyari bizwi ko ari we nyiri Inter African Investment Ltd. Abanyamakuru bacukumbuye uko ubutegetsi bwayo buzamuka bagera kuri we nk’umuntu uhishwe utaravugwaga muri ba nyirayo.
Iyo kompanyi yashinzwe muri British Virgin Islands mu 1998 nyuma y’umwaka umwe Nguesso yisubije ubutegetsi yari yaravuyeho mu 1992 atsinzwe mu matora na Pascal Lissouba yaje guhirika.
Source: Wikipedia
