Umwenda wa Leta uhuye n’imihigo yose y’imari yakozwe mu buryo bw’inguzanyo na Leta, inzego za Leta n’imiryango iyishamikiyeho. Usuzumwa hakurikijwe GDP cyangwa Umusaruro mbumbe w’imbere mu Gihugu, ni ukuvuga ibikorwa by’ubukungu bw’igihugu, bigena iterambere ryacyo.
Hano hari imibare yemewe yashyizwe ahagaragara n’Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) muri 2018 igaragaza ibihugu bya mbere birimo imyenda myinshi ku Isi nk’uko tubikesha businessam.be.
17. U Bubiligi: 103.2% bya GDP
U Bubiligi ni igihugu gikize cyane, ariko kandi kirimo imyenda cyane. Amafaranga akoreshwa mu buyobozi bwa leta hari aho abangamira iterambere ryabwo. Nubwo haba hari ibyiza: ikiguzi cy’umwenda w’Ababiligi cyaragabanutse muri 2019 mbere y’uko havuka ikibazo cy’ubuzima kibasiye Isi. Ariko u Bubiligi buracyungukirwa n’inyungu nkeya busabwa.
16. Misiri: 103,3% bya GDP
Banki Nkuru ya Misiri ivuga ko 89% by’imyenda y’igihugu igomba kwitirirwa guverinoma yayo. Kuva haba imvururu zavanye Hosni Mubarak na Mohamed Morsi ku butegetsi, igihugu kiri mu nzira yo kwiyubaka kandi kikaba gifite imyenda mu mahanga, cyane cyane iyo gifitiye IMF: miliyari 12 yahawe yo gukora amavugurura akomeye.
Ariko ibi ntabwo bigenda neza, abaturage bagombye guhura n’igabanuka ry’ibicuruzwa by’ibanze (byibuze ku rugero rwa 35% muri Nyakanga 2017).
15. Jamaica: 104% bya GDP
Imyaka mirongo y’inguzanyo iremereye yafashije kugira umwenda umeze uko umeze uyu munsi. Ubwiyongere bw’ubukungu bwa Jamaica ntabwo bwigeze bumera neza. Ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga (ibiryo bitunganijwe, lisansi n’ibicuruzwa by’ubwikorezi) birenze cyane ibyoherezwa mu mahanga (ikawa) kandi icyuho rusange ni karande.
Byongeye kandi, ubushomeri bukabije nabwo bukomeje kuba ikibazo kinini kuri iki kirwa, ibyatumye IMF itangiza gahunda nyinshi zo gutabara. Kwemeza urumogi ntacyo byahinduye.
14. USA: 107.8% bya GDP
Miliyari 20.000 z’amadolari, uyu mwenda rusange w’Abanyamerika urenze ingano y’Umusaruro mbumbe wabo GDP. Impamvu? N’Irushanwa hagati y’abademokarate n’abarepubulikani mu gutera inkunga imishinga yabo.
13. Singapore: 110.9% bya GDP
Icyitegererezo cy’ubukungu bwa Singapore ni uruvange hagati y’isoko ryigenga n’uruhare rukomeye rwa leta. Ni ahantu heza ku Isi ho gukorera ubucuruzi nkuko The Economist ibivuga. Ubwiyongere bwa GDP burakomeye cyane: 9% ugereranije kuva igihugu cyabona ubwigenge mu 1965. Ubwo kandi, ubushomeri ni 2.2%. Ni iki rero gisobanura iyi myenda? Kugira ngo ugere ku iterambere nk’iryo, guverinoma zagiye zikora ishoramari ryinshi ryakeneraga inguzanyo.
Ariko iyo myenda ngo ni ishusho iraho gusa nk’uko abayobozi b’igihugu baherutse kuvuga bagira bati: “Ni ukubera ko izi raporo zita gusa ku mwenda mwinshi. Urebye imitungo yacu, mu by’ukuri nta mwenda dufite.
12. Congo Brazzaville: 119% bya GDP
Umwenda wa Congo Brazzaville uhangayikishije IMF. Niyo mpamvu itsinda ry’impuguke zoherejwe mu gihugu mu ntangiriro za Mata kugira ngo basuzume uko ibintu bimeze. Kubura gukorera mu mucyo mu bukungu no kuvumbura imyenda ntabwo byoroshya ibintu. Kuri Lucie Villa, impuguke mu by’ubukungu ukora muri Moody’s, “igihugu ntigishobora kurushaho kujya munsi”.
11. Gambia: 123.2% bya GDP
Hano na none IMF irahangayitse. Inguzanyo ya Gambia iracyari “hejuru”. Ubwo zasuraga igihugu kuva ku ya 3 kugeza ku ya 9 Gicurasi, intumwa za IMF zasabye guverinoma guhindura imyitwarire mu ngengo y’imari yirinda gukomeza kuguza hanze. Ibibazo igihugu cyarazwe mu bihe byashize byakomojweho, hagati y’ibirarane byo hanze bya guverinoma yabanjirije ndetse no gufata icyemezo cya Leta ku myenda y’ibigo bya Leta.
10. Portugal: 125,6% bya GDP
Nyuma y’ihungabana ry’ubukungu ryo mu 2008, Portugal yari igeze ahabi. Leta yari no hafi kugwa mu gihombo mu 2011. Ariko kuva icyo gihe, igihugu cyazamuye umurongo: icyuho cyacyo cyagabanyijwemo kabiri kimanuka munsi ya 3% nk’uko amategeko y’u Burayi abishaka.
Ubushomeri nabwo bwaragabanutse buva kuri 17 bugera kuri 8%, nubwo imirimo myinshi ikomeza kuba mibi. Igihugu ariko kiracyifashe nabi. Byabaye ngombwa ko kijya mu madeni kugirango kizamure umurongo.
9. Sudani: 126% bya GDP
Sudani nicyo gihugu cya kabiri gifite imyenda myinshi muri Afurika nyuma ya Afurika y’Epfo, ariko ntigikize cyane. Hamwe na miliyari 37.9 z’amadeni, igihugu kiza mu bihugu 10 bya mbere bifite imyenda myinshi ku Isi ukurikije GDP yacyo.
Imibare ya FMI ariko yo mu mwaka ushize wa 2021 igaragaza ko muri Afurika Sudani ikiri iya mbere n’umwenda ungana na 209,9 % bya GDP, igakurikirwa Erytrea (175,1 %), Cap-Vert (160,7 %), Mozambique (133,6 %), Angola (103,7 %), Zambia (101,0 %), Ibirwa bya Maurice (101,0 %), Misiri (91,4 %), Tunisia (90,2 %) na Repubulika ya Congo-Brazzaville, 85,4 %).
8. Mozambique: 130% bya GDP
IMF kandi ihangayikishijwe n’imyenda y’ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Mozambique ni imwe muri byo: ubuyobozi bwahishe igice kinini cy’umwenda w’igihugu bituma ugera kuri 130% bya GDP. Inguzanyo zasabwe mu buryo bwuzuye bwo kugura ibikoresho bya gisirikare by’umwihariko. Uyu munsi, Mozambique nka Gabon, Zambia, ariko na Ghana bigowe no kwishyura abaterankunga.
7. Eritrea: 131,2% bya GDP
Eritrea yagize iterambere rikomeye mu myaka yashize. Ariko igihugu cyavuye kure cyane: Eritrea iri ku mwanya wa 182 mu 185 ukurikije igipimo cy’iterambere rya muntu. Impamvu nyinshi zisobanura iki kibazo: ubukungu bushingiye ku kwifungirana, amafaranga ashorwa ku gisirikare (25% by’ingengo y’imari ya leta) hamwe n amapfa menshi abangamira iterambere ry’igihugu na GDP.
Byongeye kandi, muri rusange imyumvire idahwitse hamwe n’abaterankunga bayo bibuza Eritrea kungukira ku kugabanyirizwa imyenda. Ifaranga ryataye agaciro kugeza ku 10% ugereranyije muri 2017.
6. U Butaliyani 131,4% bya GDP
Umwenda w’u Butaliyani ntabwo ari mushya. Nyuma y’u Bugereki, nicyo gihugu cy’u Burayi gifite imyenda myinshi ugereranije na GDP. Iyi ingana na miliyari 2,300 z’amayero. Guverinoma ziraza zikagenda, ariko umwenda ugenda wiyongera buri mwaka mu Butaliyani.
5. Barbados: 132,8% bya GDP
Barbados ni ikirwa gito giherereye mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bwa Venezuela. Barbados izwiho kugira ideni rinini nubwo ibikorwa by’ubukerarugendo byuzuye. Barbados nayo ni ahantu heza ku bashaka gukwepa imisoro, ariko ikibazo cy’inguzanyo cyatumye leta ifata imyenda kugirango gikure mu iterambere ryadindiye.
4. Yemeni: 141% bya GDP
Igihugu cya Yemeni nacyo ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere ku Isi birimo imyenda myinshi. Intambara y’abenegihugu n’icyorezo cya kolera byakomye mu nkokora ibikorwa by’ubukungu bisanzwe bitifashe neza. Igihugu gitunzwe n’imfashanyo mpuzamahanga, kandi inganda za peteroli zacyo ntabwo ziteye imbere. Yemeni ni kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku Isi.
3. Libani: 152,8% bya GDP
Kugabanya umwenda hamwe n’ikibazo cy’abimukira bo muri Siriya birahungabanya ubukungu bwa Libani. Abaterankunga basezeranye inguzanyo ingana na miliyari 10 z’amayero. Igihugu kandi cyahungabanyijwe n’imivurungano y’amacakubiri na ruswa bya guverinoma.
2. U Bugereki: 181,9% bya GDP
Ikibazo cy’imyenda y’u Bugereki cyahungabanije u Burayi bwose. Ibyo byakurikiwe n’ubutabazi butandukanye n’amasezerano y’amavugurura. U Bugereki ubu noneho busa nk’uburimo gusohoka muri ibyo bibazo. “95 mu mavugurura 110” y’ubukungu n’imibereho asabwa kugeza ubu yemejwe n’u Bugereki “, nk’uko byatangajwe na Pierre Moscovici, Komiseri w’u Burayi ushinzwe ubukungu.
1. U Buyapani: 236,4% bya GDP
Miliyari 9.266 z’amayero: dore umwenda utangaje w’u Buyapani. Ariko ibyo ntabwo bisa nk’ibibazo cyane kuri guverinoma. Kuki? Kuberako imyenda igihugu ahanini kiyifitiye Abayapani ubwabo. U Buyapani ntibuguza mu mahanga, bufite ubwinshi bw’imikorere ndetse ni bumwe mu baterankunga bakomeye muri IMF na Banki y’Isi.
NB: Iyi ni imibare yo mu 2018 ishobora kuba yarahindutse cyane kuko nk’ubu umwenda wa Amerika ugeze muri trillion 30 z’Amadolari bingana na 130% bya GDP yayo.
