Mu 1994, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yahinduye uburyo isi yose ibona ibyaha ndengakamere, yerekana ko Jenoside atari impanuka y’umunsi umwe, ahubwo ko ari inzira yubakwa buhoro buhoro: Mu magambo, mu mitegekere, mu kwambura abantu ubumuntu no mu gutegura ubwicanyi.
Ni muri urwo rwego, Dr. Gregory H. Stanton, washinze Ikigo Genocide Watch, yateguye icyiswe “Intambwe 10 za Jenoside”, asobanura ko Jenoside ari inzira ishobora gutahurwa mbere y’uko iba, kandi ko kuri buri ntambwe hari icyo ubuyobozi, sosiyete n’imiryango mpuzamahanga byakora kugira ngo iyihagarike.
Stanton anashimangira ko izi ntambwe zitagenda mu murongo umwe, ahubwo zishobora kubaho icyarimwe, kandi ko kuri buri rwego habaho uburyo bwo kuyikumira.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari — u Rwanda, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, u Burundi, Uganda n’ibihugu bihana imbibi n’aka karere — izi nyigisho zifite agaciro kihariye.
Kuko aha, amateka yagaragaje ko imvugo y’urwango ishobora guhinduka intwaro, intwaro zikabyara impunzi, impunzi zikabyara ibindi bibazo by’umutekano, maze akarere kagahinduka umuyonga.
Gregory Stanton ni nde, kandi kuki ibitekerezo bye bikwiye kwigishwa mu karere?
Gregory Stanton ni umwe mu bahanga bazwi cyane mu kwiga no gukumira Jenoside. Azwi cyane kubera uburyo yubatse “Ten Stages of Genocide” (Intambwe za Jenoside), bwakoreshejwe mu burezi, mu bushakashatsi no mu nzego za politiki nk’igikoresho cyo gutahura ibimenyetso by’akaga mbere y’uko Jenoside iba.
Genocide Watch ivuga ko iyi nyigisho ari igikoresho cyo kumenya ibimenyetso bya mbere no gufata ingamba zo gukumira aho gutegereza amaraso atangira kumeneka.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari, aho amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, intambara zo mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo, imvugo z’urwango n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro bikomeje kubangamira umutekano, izi ntambwe 10 zishobora kuba ikirahure cyo kureberamo ejo hazaza h’ako karere.
Intambwe 10 za Stanton n’uko akarere k’Ibiyaga Bigari kakwiye kuzisoma
1. Gushyira abantu mu byiciro (Classification)
Iyi ni intambwe ya mbere. Ni igihe sosiyete itangira kureba abaturage nk’“aba” n’“abo”: abo twita abacu n’abo twita ab’ahandi, abo twita abenegihugu n’abo twita abanyamahanga, abo twita abo mu bwoko runaka n’abo twita abandi.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari, iyi ntambwe yakunze kugaragara mu magambo no muri politiki:
– Hutu/Tutsi
– “Abanyekongo kavukire” n’“abaturutse hanze”
– “Abaturage b’ino” n’“abimukira”
– “Abadukunda” n’“abashaka kudusenya”
Aha Jenoside iba itaratangira mu bikorwa, ariko iba yamaze gutangira mu mitekerereze.
Icyo akarere gakwiye gukora:
-Gushyira imbere ubwenegihugu busesuye aho gushyira imbere amoko
-Gutoza urubyiruko amateka adashingiye ku rwango
-Guca politiki zubakira ku nkomoko
2. Gushyira ibimenyetso ku matsinda yibasirwa (Symbolization)
Nyuma yo gushyira abantu mu byiciro, haza kubaha amazina, ibirango cyangwa ibimenyetso bibatandukanya.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari, ibi bishobora kugaragara mu:
– Gusebya itsinda runaka mu mazina apfobya
– Kuvuga ko “abo si ab’ino”
– Gushyira ku ruhande abaturage kubera ururimi bavuga
– Gushinja impunzi kuba isoko y’ibibazo
Icyo gukorwa:
– Gukurikirana no guhana imvugo z’amacakubiri
– Gushyigikira itangazamakuru rifite inshingano
– Gukomeza ubukangurambaga bwo kubaha itandukaniro
3. Ivangura (Discrimination)
Ni igihe amategeko cyangwa imikorere bitangira kwambura itsinda runaka uburenganzira.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari, ibi byagaragara mu:
– Gukemanga ubwenegihugu bw’abaturage bamwe
– Kubima imyanya mu buyobozi
– Gukoresha inzego z’ibanze mu kubakumira
– Kubafata nk’abadafite uburenganzira busesuye
Icyo gukorwa:
-Gushyiraho amategeko arengera buri muturage kimwe
-Gukuraho imikorere y’ivangura
– Kubaka inzego z’ubutabera zigenga
4. Gutesha abantu agaciro ka kimuntu (Dehumanization)
Iyi ni intambwe ikomeye cyane, aho itsinda ritangira kugereranywa n’ibintu bidafite agaciro.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari, ibi byagaragaye mu:
– Imvugo z’urwango ku maradiyo no ku mbuga nkoranyambaga
– Guhimba inkuru zerekana itsinda runaka nk’“abanzi”
– Gukwirakwiza ibihuha
Icyo gukorwa:
– Guhana imvugo z’urwango
– Gukorana n’imbuga nkoranyambaga
– Gutoza abanyamakuru ururimi rwubaka
5. Gutegura imitwe (Organization)
Jenoside isaba abategura, amafaranga n’imiyoboro.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari, iyi ntambwe igaragara cyane kubera imitwe yitwaje intwaro.
Icyo gukorwa:
– Gusenya imitwe yitwaje intwaro
– Guhagarika inkunga yayo
– Gukomeza ubufatanye bw’akarere
6. Gushyira sosiyete mu mpande ebyiri (Polarization)
Abahuza batangira kwibasirwa cyangwa gucecekeshwa.
Icyo gukorwa:
– Kurinda abaharanira amahoro
– Gushyigikira ibiganiro bya politiki
– Gufungura urubuga rw’impaka
7. Gutegura igikorwa (Preparation)
Gutegura ibitero no gukora urutonde rw’abagomba kwibasirwa.
Icyo gukorwa:
– Gutahura ibimenyetso hakiri kare
– Gukora raporo zihuse
– Gufatira ibihano abategura ihohoterwa
8. Gutoteza (Persecution)
Itsinda ritangira gufatwa no guhohoterwa.
Icyo gukorwa:
– Kurinda abasivili
– Kurengera impunzi
– Gukusanya ibimenyetso
9. Kurimbura (Extermination)
Ubwicanyi bw’imbaga buratangira.
Icyo gukorwa:
– Gutabara hakiri kare
– Guhana abakoze ibyaha
– Gukoresha ubutabera mpuzamahanga
10. Guhakana (Denial)
Ukuri kuragorekwa nyuma y’ubwicanyi.
Icyo gukorwa:
– Gushyigikira amateka nyayo
– Kwigisha urubyiruko
– Guteza imbere umuco wo kwibuka
Umwanzuro!
Muri make, Jenoside ihagarikwa mbere y’uko iba. Inyigisho za Gregory Stanton zigaragaza ko ifite ibimenyetso bibanza, kandi ko buri kiciro cyayo gishobora guhagarikwa hakiri kare.
Mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari, aho amateka atarakira neza, aho impunzi zikomeje kwiyongera, aho imitwe yitwaje intwaro ikomeje guteza umutekano muke, n’aho imvugo z’urwango zikigaragara, izi ntambwe 10 zikwiye kuba igikoresho cya buri muyobozi, buri munyamakuru, buri murezi n’umuturage wese ushaka amahoro arambye.
Kuko ukuri gukomeye ari uku:
Jenoside ntihagarikwa ku munsi wa mbere cyangwa uwa nyuma w’ubwicanyi; ihagarikwa ku munsi wa mbere w’ivangura.
