Iyo umuntu abonye ibikona byinshi bikikije igikona kimwe cyapfuye, igitekerezo cya mbere gishobora kuba icyo twese dutekereza: birimo kugirira icyubahiro kigenzi cyabyo.
Ariko ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwatangiye guhindura iyo myumvire.
Mu 2015, abashakashatsi bo muri University of Washington, Kaeli Swift na John Marzluff, bakoze ubushakashatsi buzwi mu izina rya siyansi nka Corvus brachyrhynchos ku bikona byo muri Amerika.
Bagaragaje ko guterana kw’ibikona ku rupfu rwa mugenzi wabyo bishobora kuba bifite akamaro gakomeye kurusha umuhango wo gusezera: bishobora kuba uburyo bwo kumenya no kwibuka ahantu cyangwa ibintu bishobora kubishyira mu kaga.
Igikona kimwe kirapfa, maze bigenzi byabyo bigahurira aho
Iyo igikona kibonye mugenzi wabyo wapfuye, gishobora gutangira gutaka mu buryo busanzwe bukoreshwa iyo hari umwanzi cyangwa akaga.
Ayo majwi akurura ibindi bikona, bidatinze, ahantu hapfiriye igikona hashobora kuba hateraniye ibindi byinshi, bikora icyo abashakashatsi bita (mobbing), guhurira hamwe no gutera induru ku kintu bibona nk’ikibangamiye umutekano wabyo.
Ikintu gishimishije ni uko igikona kidahita gifata umurambo nk’ibiryo. Ahubwo gishobora kuwitegereza, kigatabaza, ndetse kigakomeza kwitondera ako gace.
Abashakashatsi bashatse igisubizo
Swift na Marzluff bakoze ubushakashatsi mu bice bitandukanye bikikije Seattle, muri Leta ya Washington, muri Amerika.
Bashyize ibiryo ahantu ibikona byari bisanzwe bijya, babanza kubimenyereza kuhagera. Nyuma, iyo igikona cyabaga kimaze kumenyera aho hantu, abashakashatsi bashyiragayo ibintu bitandukanye.
Muri byo harimo igikona cyapfuye, igikona cyapfuye kiri hafi y’igisiga (hawk), igisiga cyonyine, umuntu wari wambaye agapfukamunwa kadasanzwe, ndetse n’inyoni itandukanye n’igikona, cyane cyane inuma.
Intego yari ukureba niba ibikona byahahuriraga biririra uwapfuye, cyangwa niba ahubwo byari gushakisha amakuru ku cyateye urupfu.
Icyatangaje abashakashatsi
Iyo ibikona byerekwaga ibintu bifitanye isano n’akaga, byagaragazaga imyitwarire ikomeye yo kwirwanaho.
Mu bizamini 102 byashyizwe mu cyiciro cy’ibintu byafatwaga nk’ibiteje akaga, ibikona byatangiye gutaka kugeza kuri 96% .
Mu gihe ibizamini byo kugenzura niba aho hantu byari biri nta kintu cy’akaga cyari gihari byagize igisubizo gito cyane.
Ariko igitangaje kurushaho cyabaye igihe igikona cyapfuye cyashyirwaga hafi y’umuntu cyangwa igisiga.
Ibikona byigaga ko uwo muntu cyangwa ako gace bigenzura niba bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n’akaga.
Mu yandi magambo urupfu rw’igikona rwabaga nk’isomo ku bindi.
Igikona gishobora kwibuka umuntu cyasanze ahapfiriye kigenzi cyacyo
Iki ni kimwe mu bice by’ubushakashatsi gituma iyi nkuru irushaho gutangaza.
Abashakashatsi basanze ibikona bishobora kwiga ko umuntu runaka cyangwa ahantu runaka bifitanye isano n’akaga nyuma yo kubona uwo muntu hafi y’igikona cyapfuye.
Kandi ibyo kwibuka ntibyabaga iby’akanya gato. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ibikona bishobora kwigira kuri mugenzi wabyo wapfuye bikabona umuntu uteje akaga, ndetse ayo makuru akagenda asakara mu muryango wabyo.
Ni yo mpamvu ahantu hapfiriye igikona hashobora kwirindwa. Abashakashatsi ntibagarukiye ku kureba uko ibikona byitwara ako kanya.
Basanze nyuma y’aho ibikona biboneye kigenzi cyabyo cyapfuye cyangwa ikindi kintu cy’akaga, byirindaga kugaruka ku biryo byabaga byashyizwe muri ako gace.
Mu minsi yakurikiyeho, byakomezaga kwitondera ahantu habereye icyo gikorwa.
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ibyo bikona byashoboraga kwirinda ahantu hagiye habera ibintu biteje akaga mu minsi yakurikiyeho, ndetse nyuma y’igihe bitangira gutandukanya neza ubwoko bw’akaga byari byahabonye.
Ibi biha urupfu rw’igikona indi nsobanuro:
Ntibiba ari “icyunamo” gusa, ahubwo biba bishobora kuba ari amasomo ry’umutekano.
Ariko se koko nta marangamutima bigira?
Aha ni ho siyansi isaba kwitonda.
Abashakashatsi ntibavuze ko ibikona nta marangamutima cyangwa agahinda bigira. Nta nubwo ubushakashatsi bwemeje ko guterana kw’ibikona ari umuhango nk’uw’abantu.
Ahubwo icyagaragajwe ni uko hari ibisobanuro bifatika bishobora gusobanura iyo myitwarire: urupfu rw’umwe muri byo rushobora kuba ikimenyetso cy’uko hari akaga kari hafi.
Umushakashatsi Kaeli Swift yanagaragaje ko ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bikona bitazwi na byo, ku buryo hakiri ikibazo gikomeye kitari cyasubizwa neza: ese igikona cyapfuye iyo ari kigenzi cyacyo byari bisanzwe biziranye cyane, cyangwa byabanaga igihe kirekire, imyitwarire yabyo yaba itandukanye?
Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye kuko ibikona ari inyoni zifite imibanire ikomeye kandi zishobora kubana mu matsinda y’imiryango.
Ubushakashatsi bwageze no ku bwonko bw’igikona
Nyuma y’ubwo bushakashatsi, abahanga bakomeje kwibaza ikindi kibazo:
Iyo ibkona kibonye mugenzi wabyo wapfuye, ubwonko bwabyo bwitwara gute?
Mu bushakashatsi bwatangajwe mu 2020, Swift n’abafatanyabikorwa be bakoresheje uburyo bwa (FDG-PET neuroimaging) kugira ngo barebe ibikorwa by’ubwonko bw’ibikona byerekwaga ibintu bitandukanye.
Basanzemo ibikorwa byiyongera mu gice cy’ubwonko cyitwa nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), gifitanye isano no gufata ibyemezo no gutunganya amakuru akomeye.
Ibi ntabwo bihagije ngo tuvuge ngo “igikona kigira agahinda nk’umuntu.”
Ariko bitanga gihamya ko kubona igikona cyapfuye atari ikintu gisanzwe kuri bigenzi byabyo. Ubwonko bwabyo bubyitaho mu buryo bukomeye.
Hari n’ikindi gitangaje
Ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwarebye uburyo ibikona rimwe na rimwe bikoraho umurambo.
Swift na Marzluff basanze gukorakora umurambo atari ko buri gihe ari byo bigize imyitwarire y’ibikona. Abashakashatsi banagerageje gutandukanya niba gukorakora umurambo bishobora guterwa no gushaka ibiryo, kurengera akarere, cyangwa gushaka amakuru. (PubMed Central (PMC))
Kandi hari ibyo abashakashatsi babonye bidasanzwe: rimwe na rimwe ibikona bishobora gukoraho umurambo, kuwitondera cyane, ndetse hakabaho imyitwarire idasanzwe itari yoroshye gusobanura.
Ibyo bituma abahanga bavuga ko kwiga ku kaga bishobora kuba ari imwe mu mpamvu, ariko atari ngombwa ko iba yo yonyine.
Ikindi cyagereranyijwe n’inuma
Kugira ngo barebe niba iyi myitwarire isanzwe ku nyoni zose, abashakashatsi bagereranyije ibikona n’inuma zikunda kuboneka ahari abantu benshi ndetse no mu mijyi.
Ibisubizo byari bitandukanye.
Ibikona byagaragazaga igisubizo gikomeye ku gikona cyapfuye, mu gihe ku numa kubona mugenzi wazo wapfuye bitateraga ikibazo nko ku bikona.
Ibi byafashije abashakashatsi gutekereza ko ikibazo atari “umurambo w’inyoni” muri rusange, ahubwo ko umurambo w’inyoni zo mu bwoko bw’ibikona ubwawo utanga amakuru yihariye ku mutekano wabyo.
Igikona gipfuye gishobora kuba ikimenyetso cy’akaga ku bindi bikona.
Kandi guterana kwabyo bishobora kuba uburyo bwo gukusanya amakuru, kwiga ahantu hateye akaga, kumenya umwanzi mushya no gusangira ayo makuru.
Mu yandi magambo, urupfu rw’igikona kimwe rushobora kuba amakuru y’ubutasi ku bindi.
Isomo rikomeye cyane
Ikintu gitangaje muri iyi nkuru ni uko urupfu rw’igikona rushobora kwigisha abazima.
Igikona kimwe gishobora gupfira ahantu runaka. Ibindi bikona bigahagera. Bikareba umurambo, ibiwukikije, umuntu uri hafi ndetse bikagenzura umwanzi ushobora kuba ari inyuma y’urupfu hanyuma bikagenda.
Ariko amakuru y’igikona ntahita asibangana.
Ashobora kuguma mu bwonko bw’ibindi bikona, bigatuma byirinda icyateje akaga mu gihe kiri imbere.
Ni yo mpamvu, igihe ubutaha uzabona ibikona byinshi bikikije kigenzi cyabyo cyapfuye, ushobora kutihutira kuvuga uti: “Birimo kugikorera umuhango.” Hari ikindi gishoboka. Bishobora kuba bizaba biri gukora iperereza.
