Iperereza ryakozwe na “New York Times” ryerekana amateka y’umwenda uhambaye Haiti yashyizwemo ku ngufu kandi risobanura cyane cyane uburyo u Bufaransa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika byategetse iki gihugu kwishyura amamiliyoni amagana y’amayero nyuma y’ubwigenge mu 1804.
Ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 1804, Abanyahayiti batangaje ubwigenge bwabo nyuma y’imyivumbagatanyo y’abacakara barwanya abakoloni b’Abafaransa. Nyuma y’ibinyejana bibiri, Haiti ni kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku Isi nyamara ari cyo cyari koloni ikize kurusha izindi ku Isi.
Ibibazo byakunze kwegekwa kuri leta yananiwe na ruswa ikabije. Nyamara, amagorwa akomeje kugaragara muri iki gihugu, ahanini ni ingaruka zo kuvangirwa n’ibihugu by’ibihangange. Uyu ni umwanzuro w’iperereza ryakozwe amezi cumi n’itatu n’abanyamakuru ba New York Times.
Kibinyujije mu ruhererekane rw’inkuru eshanu, zasohotse ku itariki ya 20 Gicurasi 2022, ikinyamakuru cyo muri Amerika cyakurikiranye amateka y’imyenda ya Haiti, kibigaragaza mu buryo burambuye kandi gisobanura uburyo bikomeje kugira ingaruka ku gihugu. Hamwe n’ibyo, ikibazo kibazwa ni: Byari kugenda bite iyo igihugu kidasahurwa kuva cyavuka n’ibihugu by’amahanga ndetse n’abayobozi bacyo?
Intandaro y’ibyago: “Amadeni abiri”
Mu 1825, imyaka makumyabiri n’umwe nyuma y’ubwigenge bwayo, Haiti yabonye ubwato bw’Abafaransa, bukurikiwe n’ubwato bw’intambara, buparika ku Cyambu cya Port-au-Prince, umurwa mukuru w’igihugu. Intumwa y’umwami Charles X yahise itanga igihe ntarengwa cyo kwishyira indishyi u Bufaransa cyangwa intambara ikarota. Nk’igihugu kitari gifite inshuti na yo ikomeye yagifasha, nta yandi mahitamo cyari gifite. Cyemeye kwishyura amafaranga yasabwaga angana na miliyoni 150 z’Amafaranga y’Abafaransa, agomba kwishyurwa mu bice bitanu mu mwaka.
Ikinyamakuru New York Times gishimangira ko “Amafaranga yari arenze kure ubushobozi buke bwa Haiti”. Byongeye kandi, u Bufaransa bwahatiye iki gihugu bwahoze bukolonije kuguza mu mabanki y’u Bufaransa kugirango bwishyure umwaka wa mbere. Ku mafaranga yagombaga kwishyura u Bufaransa, birumvikana ko hiyongereyeho inyungu z’iyo nguzanyo. Nibyo abahanga mu by’amateka bita “amadeni abiri”. Abajijwe n’ikinyamakuru, impuguke mu by’ubukungu mu Bufaransa, Thomas Piketty, yavuze ko ari “ubukoloni bushya bunyuze mu madeni”.
Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyabaze amafaranga yose Haiti yishyuye gisanga agera muri miliyoni 560 z’amadolari y’agaciro k’iki gihe (miliyoni 525 z’amayero). Ariko buri faranga ryishyuwe uwahoze ari umukoloni rihuye n’amafaranga menshi atarashowe mu iterambere ry’igihugu.
Iperereza ryakozwe na New York Times ryasoje rigira riti: “Kwishyura u Bufaransa byatwaye Haiti hagati ya miliyari 21 na miliyari 115 z’amadorari [hagati ya miliyari 20 na 108 z’amayero] y’igihombo mu izamura ry’ubukungu.”
Banki Nkuru ya Haiti mu maboko y’amahanga
Mu 1880, u Bufaransa bwahinduye amayeri. Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Haiti yarashinzwe, ariko ifite Haiti gusa mu izina. Ikinyamakuru cyo muri Amerika kirabisobanura:
“Igenzurwa n’inama y’ubutegetsi ifite icyicaro i Paris, yashinzwe (…) na banki y’u Bufaransa, Crédit Industriel et Commercial, cyangwa CIC, kandi itanga inyungu z’umurengera ku banyamigabane bayo mu Bufaransa. CIC igenzura ikigega cy’igihugu cya Haiti, guverinoma ntishobora kubitsa cyangwa gukuramo amafaranga itishyuye komisiyo. »
Inyandiko zabonwe na New York Times zerekana ko CIC yanyereje amamiliyoni n’amamiliyoni y’amafaranga yavuye muri Hayiti ku nyungu z’abashoramari b’Abafaransa kandi ishora leta mu zindi nguzanyo nyinshi.
CIC hamwe n’isosiyete ikomokaho, Banque Fédérative du Crédit Mutuel (BFCM), ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2022, yagize icyo ibivugaho yibutsa ko “yaguze Crédit Industriel et Commercial, icyo gihe yari mu maboko ya Leta y’u Bufaransa, mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 21 mu 1998. CIC yongeyeho iti: “Kubera ko ari ngombwa kugaragaza umucyo ku bice byose bigize amateka y’ubukoloni, harimo no mu myaka ya za 1870, banki ya mutuelle izatera inkunga imirimo y’amakaminuza yigenga kugira ngo hagaragazwe umucyo kuri aya amateka”.
Mu 1910, abanyamigabane bashya bigaruriye Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Haiti. Ni Abafaransa, Abadage n’Abanyamerika. Na none, banki y’igihugu iri mu maboko y’amahanga. Yahaye inguzanyo nshya Guverinoma ya Haiti, kuri conditions zikomeye. Ni yo mpamvu, mu 1911, ku madorari atatu yakusanyijwe binyuze mu musoro ku ikawa, igihingwa nyamukuru kigize ubukungu bw’igihugu, amadolari 2.53 yakoreshejwe mu kwishyura amafaranga yatanzwe n’abashoramari b’Abafaransa.
Imyaka cumi n’icyenda yo kwigarurirwa n’Igisirikare cy’Abanyamerika
Abafaransa bahangayikishijwe no kwiyongera kw’ijambo ry’Abanyamerika ku migabane ya banki y’igihugu. Bafite ukuri. Inyungu za Amerika zigaragaza, mu by’ukuri, intangiriro y’igikorwa cy’Abanyamerika cyo kwirukana Abafaransa n’Abadage muri Haiti.
Mu Kuboza 1914, itsinda rito ry’abasirikare b’Aba-Marine b’Abanyamerika ryinjiye muri Banki nkuru y’igihugu maze ritwara 500.000$ (469.000 euro) muri zahabu. Nyuma y’iminsi mike, umunyago wabitswe muri banki kuri Wall Street. Iki gikorwa cyashushanyaga kwigarurira igihugu mu buryo bwagutse: mu mpeshyi yo mu 1915, abasirikare b’Abanyamerika bateye Haiti. Washington ivuga ko igihugu gikennye cyane kandi kidatekanye ku buryo ntacyo cyakwimarira, ubwo hatangira kwigarurirwa kwamaze imyaka cumi n’icyenda.
Ku gitutu, cyane cyane cya banki yitwa National City Bank (yabyaye Citigroup), Washington yigaruriye Haiti – Inteko ishinga amategeko iraseswa, hashyirwaho irindi Tegeko Nshinga rishya, hashyirwaho guverinoma ya baringa n’imari yayo. Nk’uko amakuru yakusanyijwe na New York Times abitangaza, mu myaka icumi, “kimwe cya kane cy’amafaranga yose Haiti yinjije yagiye kwishyura imyenda yagenzurwaga na National City Bank “. Byongeye kandi, Abasirikare b’Abanyamerika bakoreshejwe mu guhagarikira imirimo y’agahato kandi ntibatindiganyaga kurasa uwahunze. Ku Banyahayiti benshi, kwari ugusubira mu bucakara.
Kubera guhangana n’umujinya w’abaturage n’uburakari mpuzamahanga, Amerika yaje kwemera gukuramo akarenge. Mu 1934, ingabo za Amerika zanyuma zavuye mu gihugu. Amerika ariko yakomeje kugenzura imari ya Haiti indi myaka cumi n’itatu, kugeza igihe Haiti irangije kwishyura imyenda yayo kuri Wall Street.
Indwara y’imbere: Ruswa
Nibwo idasobanura byose, ruswa y’abayobozi ba Haiti yashimangiye gusa ibyago by’igihugu. Mu by’ukuri, nk’uko New York Times ivuga, ni ikibazo gifite inkomoko ya kera:
Iti: “Mu gutanga inguzanyo ya 1875, abanyamabanki b’Abafaransa bahise bafata 40% by’amafaranga yose hamwe. Amafaranga asigaye yakoreshejwe cyane mu kwishyura indi myenda, kandi igice gito cyarengeye mu mifuka y’abayobozi ba Haiti bamunzwe na ruswa. »
Mu 1957, Abanyahayiti batoye ku mwanya wa perezida umuganga, Franà§ois Duvalier bitaga “Papa Doc”. Uyu ndetse yari ashyigikiwe na Washington. Muri icyo gihe, kandi ni bwo bwa mbere mu myaka ijana na mirongo itatu, Haiti itari igikeneye kwikorera umutwaro w’amadeni mpuzamahanga aremereye. Ariko, mu myaka mirongo itatu, igihugu cyahuye n’igitugu gikaze cya “Papa Doc” cyakurikiwe n’icy’umuhungu we wanyereje amamiliyoni y’amadolari.
Kuri ibyo hiyongereyeho ibiza byinshi byangije igihugu mu mateka ya vuba aha: umutingito wahitanye abantu benshi mu 2010, uwabaye mu 2021, inkubi y’umuyaga ya Gordon mu 1994, Jeanne mu 2004, na Matayo muri 2016…
Igice giteye isoni mu mateka y’u Bufaransa
Ikibazo cy “Amadeni abiri” ni igice gihishe, byibuze kizwi na bacye, mu mateka y’u Bufaransa. Ku itariki ya 7 Mata 2003, Perezida wa Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, yatanze disikuru yamugizeho ingaruka: yasabye u Bufaransa gusubiza amafaranga igihugu cye cyatanze yabaze neza agera muri miliyari 21 685.135.571 by’amadolari n’amasantime 48. Abadipolomate b’Abafaransa byarabariye kandi bamagana iby’ayo mafaranga bafashe nk’ubusazi.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, isesengura ry’ubukungu rya New York Times ryerekana ko “igihombo kirekire cyatewe n’amafaranga yoherejwe na Haiti mu Bufaransa gishobora kuba hafi y’imibare yatanzwe na Aristide. Ikigereranyo cya perezida wa Haiti ahubwo ngo gishobora no kuba cyari cyoroheje. »
Mu 2004, Perezida Aristide yirukanwe ku butegetsi maze ava muri Haiti, nyuma y’igikorwa cyateguwe n’u Bufaransa na Amerika. Ikinyamakuru New York Times kivuga ko Paris na Washington “byakunze kuvuga ko ihirikwa rye ntaho rihuriye no gusaba ko hasubizwa ayo mafaranga, bahubwo bamushinja igitugu no kunanirwa kuyobora igihugu”.
Ariko Thierry Burkard, wari Ambasaderi w’u Bufaransa muri Port-au-Prince mu 2004, yemereye iki kinyamakuru ko ibihugu byombi byateguye “coup d’etat” yo kwirukana Aristide. Ku bijyanye n’isano riri hagati yo kwirukanwa kwe no gusaba gusubiza Haiti amafaranga yayo, Burkard yemeye ko “nabyo bishoboka.”
New York Times isobanura ko gusaba gusubizwa amafaranga, Haiti “yashoboraga gukangurira ibindi bihugu byo muri Karayibe na Afurika gukurikiza urugero rwayo”.
