Iyo usomye ingingo iyo ari yo yose yerekeye gukumira cyangwa kurwanya ruswa, ikintu cya mbere uzabwirwa ni uko ‘ubushake bwa politiki’, cyangwa imvugo iri hejuru, ari ishingiro ry’ibikorwa byose bigamije kurwanya ruswa. Ariko se wavuga iki mu gihe umuyobozi w’igihugu, imyitwarire n’ubunyangamugayo bigomba kuba bidashidikanywaho, ari we ufata iya mbere mu kurya ruswa no kunyereza umutungo wa rubanda ashinzwe kurebeerera? Ni muri urwo rwego Bwiza.com igiye kubagezaho urutonde rw’abayobozi icumi b’abajura cyangwa bamunzwe na ruswa babayeho mu mateka ya vuba ku Isi nk’uko tubikesha urubuga integritas360.
1. Mohamed Suharto, Perezida wa Indonesia (1967 – 1998)
Amafaranga yanyereje: Miliyari hagati ya 15 na 35$ mu myaka 31 ari ku butegetsi
Ku mwanya wa mbere ku rutonde rw’abayobozi b’isi banyereje imitungo y’ibihugu byabo mu mateka ya vuba haza Perezida Mohamed Suharto wa Indonesia. Perezida wa kabiri w’iki gihugu, yigaruriye guverinoma mu 1967 akomeza kukiyobora mu myaka 31 yakurikiyeho.
Mu gihe cye Suharto avugwaho kuba yarashoboye gukusanya umutungo ubarirwa hagati ya miliyari 15 na miliyari 35 z’Amadolari binyuze mu kugenzura ibigo bya leta byari byemerewe gukora byonyine, kwiharira amasoko kw’ibigo byabaga bigenzurwa n’abana be bane, abo mu muryango we n’inshuti ze za hafi.
2. Ferdinand Marcos, Perezida wa Philippines (1965 – 1986)
Amafaranga yanyereje: Miliyari hagati y’5 na 10$ mu myaka 21 ari ku butegetsi
Uyu wiyitaga ko ari we ntwari y’intambara y’igihugu yahawe imidari myinshi (izina ubu ryateshejwe agaciro nyuma yo kugaragara ko imidari 3 gusa muri 27 yavugaga ko yahawe mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi ari yo y’ukuri), Ferdinand Marcos yatorewe kuba Perezida wa 10 wa Philippines mu 1965. Muri Nzeri 1972, hagati ya manda ye ya kabiri, ubwoba bw’uko Abakomunisiti bari bagiye kwigarurira igihugu bwatumye Marcos asesa Kongere kandi atangaza ibihe bidasanzwe byamaze imyaka 10 mbere yo kuvanwa ku butegetsi mu mpinduramatwara ya People Power muri Gashyantare 1986 ahungira muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho yabaye kugeza apfiriye muri Hawaii nyuma y’imyaka itatu n’igice.
Muri icyo gihe yamaze ku butegetsi, bivugwa ko Marcos yanyereje hagati ya miliyari 5 na miliyari 10 z’Amadorali.
Muri icyo gihe nyamara, Philippines yabaye kimwe mu bihugu bifite imyenda myinshi muri Aziya. Amadeni yo hanze yavuye kuri miliyoni 360$ mu 1962 agera kuri miliyari 28$ mi 1986. Umushahara wagabanutse hafi kimwe cya gatatu, kandi umubare w’abantu batuye munsi y’umurongo w’ubukene wikubye hafi kabiri (bavuye kuri miliyoni 18 bagera kuri miliyoni 35).
3. Mobutu Sese Seko, Perezida wa Zaire (RDC y’ubu) (1965 – 1997)
Amafaranga yanyereje: Miliyari 4 kugeza kuri 5$ mu myaka 32 ari ku butegetsi
Uyu wize mu ishuri ry’abamisiyoneri, Mobutu Sese Seko Koko Ngbendu wa za Banga (bisobanura ngo “umurwanyi ufite imbaraga zose, kubera kwihangana n’ubushake budahinduka bwo gutsinda, azava mu butsinzi ajya mu bundi asize umuriro inyuma ye”), yari umuhanga mu guhirika ubutegetsi. Mu gihe cy’ibibazo bya Congo byo mu 1960, yayoboye ihirika ry’ubutegetsi ryirukanye Patrice Lumumba, umuyobozi wa mbere watowe muri demokarasi muri iki gihugu. Yahise agirwa umugaba mukuru w’ingabo, nyuma y’imyaka itageze kuri itanu ayobora irindi hirika ry’ubutegetsi rya kabiri, yishyiraho nka Perezida, ayobora igihugu imyaka 32 yose.
Muri iyo myaka yose, Mobutu yashoboye gukusanya akayabo k’amafaranga aho ndetse benshi bemeza ko umubare w’amafaranga yari atunze wa nyawo utazigera umenyekana. Nubwo umubare nyawo utazigera umenyekana, bivugwa ko yanyereje byibuze amafaranga ari hagati ya miliyari 4 na miliyari 5 z’amadorari (ayo mafaranga akaba ahwanye n’umwenda w’amahanga mu gihugu icyo gihe yahatiwe kwishyura ku nguzanyo mpuzamahanga mu 1989).
Gusesagura kwe kandi kwari kuzwi hose nk’aho yatekerwaga n’umutesi ukomeye ku Isi, Gaston Lenôtre, wavuye i Paris akazanwa mu ndege ya Concorde azanwe gusa no gutanga cake yari yamukoreye ku isabukuru ye y’amavuko. Mobutu kandi azwiho kuba yarigeze kugira inama abayobozi b’ishyaka rye yo kujya biba ariko bagakoresha ubwenge aho yababwiye ati “ Niba wibye, ntukibe byinshi icya rimwe. ushobora gufatwa. Jya wibana ubwenge, gake gake, ”!
4. Sani Abacha, Perezida wa Nigeria (1993 – 1998)
Amafaranga yanyereje: Miliyari 2 na miliyari 5$ mu myaka 5 ari ku butegetsi
Umusirikare wa mbere wo muri Nigeria wageze ku ipeti rya Jenerali adasimbutse ipeti na rimwe, Sani Abacha yayoboye ihirika ry’ubutegetsi rya gisirikare rya cyenda muri iki gihugu kuva cyabona ubwigenge, ubwo yahirika guverinoma y’inzibacyuho y’umukuru w’inzibacyuho Ernest Shonekanon muri Kanama 1993. Umukuru w’igihugu wa karindwi w’umusirikare, Abacha, nawe yagize uruhare mu ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi kenshi muri iki gihugu nk’aho yarugize mu 1966, mu 1983 no mu 1985.
Abacha ariko yaje gupfa manda ye itarangiye azize umutima kuwa 08 Kamena 1998. Mu myaka itanu yamaze ku butegetsi ariko, umuryango we uvugwaho ko wanyereje akayabo ka miliyari ziri hagati y’eshatu n’eshanu z’Amadolari.
Banki y’isi ivuga ko igice cy’ubutunzi cyabonetse binyuze muri ruswa yatanzwe n’amasosiyete y’amahanga akora ubucuruzi muri Nigeria, naho ikindi gice cyibwe muri Banki Nkuru y’igihugu. Amafaranga yezwaga mu buryo bw’iyezandonke binyuze mu masosiyete y’imbere atandukanye mbere yo gushyirwa kuri za konti mu mabanki yagenzurwaga na Abacha n’umuryango we mu Busuwisi, Luxemburg, Liechtenstein, Jersey na Bahamas.
5. Zine Al-Abidine Ben Ali, Perezida wa Tunisia (1987 – 2011)
Amafaranga yanyereje: Miliyari na miliyari 2,6$ mu myaka 23 ari ku butegetsi
Perezida wa kabiri wa Tunisia, Zine Al-Abidine Ben Ali yagiye ku butegetsi mu Gushyingo 1987, nyuma yo kwirukana Perezida Habib Bourguiba ku butegetsi mu ihirika ry’ubutegetsi ritamennye amaraso. Agezeho, yagumye ku butegetsi mu myaka 23 yakurikiyeho, buri gihe akajya ‘yongera gutorwa’ ku majwi arenga 90%.
Raporo y’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Banki y’Isi mu 2015, ivuga ko umuryango wa Ben Ali n’abagize agatsiko kari kamwegereye bariganyije leta abarirwa hagati ya miliyari imwe na miliyari 2.6 z’amadolari ya Amerika mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi. Ku cyiciro kimwe, havugwaga ko abantu bari begereye perezida bari bihariye 21% by’inyungu zose z’abikorera bo muri Tunisia, ahanini binyuze mu kwigarurira imitungo ya leta mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko no gukura umutungo muri buri nzego hafi ya zose z’ubukungu bw’igihugu.
6. Slobodan Milosevic, Perezida wa Serbia/Yugoslavia (1989 – 2000)
Amafaranga yanyerejwe: Miliyari 1$ mu myaka 11 ari ku butegetsi
Slobodan Milosevic yamaze manda ebyiri nka Perezida wa Serbia (hagati ya 1990 kugeza 1997) mbere yo kuba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Yugosilaviya. Azwi cyane ariko ku ruhare yagize mu ntambara za Yugosilaviya, aho yayoboye ubwicanyi bukabije bwabereye muri Kosovo, Croatia na Bosnia muri za 90. Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho Yugoslavia (ICTY) rwaje kumushinja ibyaha by’intambara n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.
Nk’uko ikinyamakuru Washington Post kibitangaza ngo ibimenyetso bya mbere byagaragajwe n’iperereza ryakozwe ku bufatanye na Yugoslavia, Minisiteri y’imari ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika hamwe n’umushinjacyaha mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye ushinzwe ibyaha by’intambara, bavuze ko Milosevic, umuryango we na bamwe mu bacuruzi n’abanyapolitiki bari bamwegereye bagera kuri 200, banyereje umutungo wa miliyari nyinshi z’amadolari y’umutungo wa leta bayakoresha mu nyungu zabo. Banki nkuru ya Yugosilaviya yavugaga ko byibuze miliyari 4 z’amadolari yasahuwe.
7. Jean-Claude Duvalier, Perezida wa Haiti (1971 – 1986)
Amafaranga yanyerejwe: Miliyoni 300 na 800$ mu myaka 15 ari ku butegetsi
Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier yarazwe kuba perezida wa Haiti (afite imyaka 19) nyuma y’urupfu rwa se, François “Papa Doc” Duvalier, muri Mata 1971. Mu gihe yashyiraga mu bikorwa amavugurura menshi yasabwaga n’umuterankunga w’ingenzi wa Haiti, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yakomeje ubusahuzi bwakorwaga na se akura amamliyoni amagana mu isanduku ya leta.
Mu mwaka umwe agiye ku butegetsi Department ishinzwe ubucuruzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yatangaje ko 64% by’amafaranga yinjijwe na leta yakoreshejwe nabi nko gukoresha amafaranga arenze ku ngengo y’imari yateganyijwe, ndetse andi akanyerezwa yoherezwa kuri konti zo muri banki zo mu Busuwisi. Mu myaka 15 yamaze ku butegetsi, Duvalier n’abamwegereye bavugwaho kuba baranyereje miliyoni ziri hagati ya 300 na 800 z’amadolari.
8. Alberto Fujimori, Perezida wa Peru (1990 – 2000)
Amafaranga yanyerejwe: Miliyoni 600$ mu myaka 10 ari ku butegetsi
Alberto Fujimori, wavutse ku mwimukira w’umuyapani, yabaye Perezida wa 45 wa Peru. Uyu ‘munyembaraga’ w’umunyagitugu, yashimiwe guhashya inyeshyamba nyinshi z’iterabwoba mu gihugu hose, ndetse ashimirwa kurokora igihugu mu ihirima ry’ubukungu.
Hirengagijwe ibyo yagezeho ariko nk’uko umuhanga mu by’amateka Alfonso Quiroz abitangaza, ngo hagati ya miliyari 1.5 na miliyari 4 z’amadolari yatikiriye muri ruswa, bituma ubutegetsi bwa Fujimori buba ubwa mbere bwamunzwe na ruswa mu mateka ya Peru. Mu myaka icumi yamaze ku butegetsi, bivugwa ko Fujimori yakusanyije mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko miliyoni zisaga 600 z’amadorali.
9. Pavlo Lazarenko, Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Ukraine (1996 – 1997)
Amafaranga yanyerejwe: Miliyoni 114 na 200$ mu mwaka 1 ari ku butegetsi
Ibarura ryakozwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye ryerekanye ko Pavlo Ivanovych Lazarenko, Minisitiri w’intebe wa 5 wa Ukraine, ngo yaba yaranyereje miliyoni 200 z’amadolari mu isanduku ya Leta (igice cya miliyoni y’amadorari kuri buri munsi nka Minisitiri w’intebe). Amafaranga yanyuzwaga kuri konti zitandukanye muri banki zo muri Pologne, mu Busuwisi no muri Antigua, nyuma yo kwezwa mu buryo bw’iyezandonke binyuze mu isosiyete yo muri Amerika, yanakoreshwaga mu kugura imitungo itandukanye.
Mu Ukuboza 2008, Lazarenko yafunzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’u Busuwisi ashinjwa icyaha cyo kunyereza amafaranga ubwo yambukaga umupaka avuye mu Bufaransa, ariko nyuma y’ibyumweru bike arekurwa nyuma yo gutanga ingwate ya miliyoni 3 z’amadolari. Nyuma y’amezi make, Ukraine yamwambuye ubudahangarwa, ahungira muri Amerika.
10. Arnoldo Aleman, Perezida wa Nicaragua (1997 – 2002)
Amafaranga yanyereje: Miliyoni 100$ mu myaka 5 ari ku butegetsi
Nyuma gato yo kuva ku butegetsi mu 2002, Perezida wa 81 wa Nicaragua, Arnoldo “El Gordo” Aleman, yatawe muri yombi akurikiranyweho ruswa irimo miliyoni 100 z’amadorari ya Leta. Yahamwe n’icyaha cy’iyezandonke, forode, kunyereza umutungo n’ibyaha byo mu matora mu mwaka wakurikiye, akatirwa igifungo cy’imyaka 20.
Ruswa yagaragaye mu buyobozi bwe yatumye abandi bantu 14 batabwa muri yombi, barimo n’abagize umuryango we wa hafi
