Aka wa mugani w’umunyarwanda ngo “Uwambaye Ikirezi ntamenya ko kera”! Ni kenshi usanga itangazamakuru rikunze kwibanda ku kuvuga ku makuru n’amateka y’iby’abandi bakoze ariko ryo ubwaryo kiyibagirwa.
Ubajije buri wese umukinnyi wo mu Bwongereza watsinze ibitego byinshi muri season iyi cyangwa iriya abantu benshi bagusubiza badategwa!
Nyamara uwabaza abantu umunyamakuru wabaye ikirangirire mu gutara cyangwa gutangaza inkuru yabiciye bigacika mu mwaka uyu cyangwa uriya usanga abantu batabitindaho cyangwa ngo banabimenye.
Gusa kuri ubu, Bwiza.com twishimiye kukugezaho amwe mu mateka y’ibigo bikomeye ntaramakuru byagiye byandika amazina kuri uyu mubumbe wa nyagasani!
- AFP: Ibiro ntaramakuru by’Abafaransa
Ubusanzwe mu itangiriro iki Kigo kitwaga Agence Havas kuva mu 1835 ariko biza guhinduka muri 1940 nyuma y’intambara ya 1 y’isi yose.
Iyi Agence Havas yo ubwayo yari yashinzwe n’umugabo w’umufaransa wari inzobere mu byo guhindura indimi witwaga Charles-Louis.
Ahagana mu 1848 nibwo abari abakozi b’iyi Agence bitandukanije barimo uwitwa Paul Reuter na Bernhard Wolf bashakaga kwagurira ibikorwa byabo muri London mu Bwongereza na Berlin mu Budage cyane cyane aba bagabo bakaba baraharaniraga gushora imari yabo mu bikorwa byo kwamamaza n’ubundi bushabitsi mu by’Itangazamakuru.
Mu 1940 nibwo Ingabo z’Abadage zagabye igitero ku muji wa Paris maze Leta y’Ubufaransa ihitamo guhita yifashisha kwigarurira ya Agence Havas buyiha izina rya Office Francais d’Information [ French Information Agence ] mu magambo y’icyongereza.
Gusa muri uko kwigarurirwa kwa Agence Havas yasigaranye izina rya Havas gusa ariko isigarana inshingano ku mishinga yayo yo kwamamaza gusa [ Advertisement Media Outlet ].
Ku wa 20 Kanama 1944, nibwo Ingabo zari zarigaruriye Umuji wa Paris zawusohotsemo maze abanyamakuru b’intagondwa bari baranze kuva ku izima ryo gutsimbarara ku gutangaza amakuru y’igihugu cyabo cy’Ubufaransa ndetse no mu gihe uru rugamba rwa Paris rwamaze bafashe umugambi wo kureka izina rya OFI maze bahitamo izina rya Agence France-Presse gutyo!
AFP ikimara gufata iri zina yahise yamamara mu isi hose kuko itatinze gushinga ibiro biyihagarariye mu mahanga hamwe n’abanyamakuru batagira ingano babaga bashinzwe gutara no gutangaza amakuru yo mu bihande babaga baherereyemo.
Nguko uko ibi Biro byaje kuba kabuhariwe kugeza magingo aya mu Itangazamakuru Mpuzamahanga aho bakoresha abakozi bagera ku 2260 mu isi yose.
AFP yanditse amateka kuva kera, ni nayo yatangaje bwa mbere amakuru y’urupfu rw’uwari umuyobozi w’Uburusiya muri icyo gihe, Bwana Joseph Staline wapfuye ku wa 10 Mutarama 1953 , inkuru bivugwa ko AFP yahise igaragaza ko ari ubukombe na rudahangarwa mu gutara amakuru na magingo aya.
Ahagana mu 1957 nibwo Inteko Ishingamategeko y’Ubufaransa yatoraga itegeko rishyira AFP mu maboko y’abikorera ku giti cyabo ariko bafashwa na Leta aho usanga Ubufaransa bwarashyiraga amafaranga ahwanye na miliyoni 115 z’ama Euro mu bikorwa byayo.
Mu 1982 AFP yahisemo gushinga amashami asa n’ayigenga mu mari n’umutungo, rimwe irishyira Hong Kong hamwe n’irindi ryari rishinzwe gukurikirana by’umwihariko ibihugu byahoze mu bukoloni bw’Abongereza.
Zimwe mu ntego n’imirongo nyamukuru AFP igenderaho n’izi zikurikira:
“Gutara no gutangaza amakuru nta gitutu na kimwe igendeyeho
“Kirazira ko AFP hagira ugerageza kuyigenzura imikorere cyangwa ngo ayihe amabwiriza igenderaho ashingiye ku gatsiko ako ariko kose kashaka kubifashisha mu kwamamaza imyumvire n’ingengabitekerezo yako”!
- Reuters: Ibiro ntaramakuru by’Abongereza
Agence Reuters ni Ibiro Ntaramakuru by’Abongereza, iki kikaba ari kimwe mu bigo kabuhariwe mu guhiga amakuru aho waba uri hose ku isi uzakihasanga.
Agence Reuters yashinzwe ahagana mu Ukwakira 1851 uyu ukaba ari umwaka w’ 165 iki Kigo gitara kandi gitangaza amakuru.
Agence Reuters kandi itangaza amakuru mu ndimi nyinshi zirimo :
Icyongereza , Igisipanishi , Igifaransa , Icyarabu , Ikidage , Igitaliani , Igiporutugali ,Ikirusiya , Ikiyapani, Igikoreya, Igishinwa,…
Iki kigo kikaba cyarashinzwe n’umugabo w’umwongereza wari uzobereye witwaga Paul Julius Reuter mu bucuruzi bw’ibitabo aho yabukoreraga mu mujyi wa Berlin mu Budage rero aza gusanga byaba byiza atangije umushinga ujya gusa n’uyu mu Bwongereza.
Uyu Paul Julius Reuter akimara gusubira iwabo mu Bwongereza ahagana mu 1848 yatangiriye ku gushinga Ikigo kinini mu gutara no gusakaza amakuru yahise aha izina rya The Reuter’s Telegram Company kibandaga ku nkuru z’bucuruzi , amabanki , kugurisha inzu n’ibindi.
Ni nabwo iki Kigo Reuters kitatinze kwigarurira imitima y’abatuye isi yose kuko cyaje kidakengeshanya gutangaza ku nshuro ya mbere ibyabaga byabaye mu isi yose, kandi na magingo aya inkuru uburiye kuri Reuters iba ari ntayo!
Reuters kandi mu bintu yamamayeho bitazibagirana ikaba ariyo yatangaje bwa mbere ko uwari Perezida wa America, Bwana Abraham Lincoln yishwe arashwe mu 1865 !
Mu 1872 Reuters yatangiye ibikorwa byo kwagura ibikorwa byayo mu mpande zitandukanye z’isi , ibikorwa byibandaga ku karere k’Amerika y’Amajyepfo kandi hariho no gutangaza amakuru hifashishijwe uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amasinga aca mu Nyanja no ku butaka hagendewe kuko ikoranabuhanga ryari ryifashe icyo gihe.
Ahagana mu 1923 Agence Reuters yatangije uburyo bukoresha amajwi buzwi nka Radio ari nabwo ikindi kigo cyariho kandi cyari gikomeye mu Itangazamakuru kitwaga Press Association fo Great Britain cyahitaga gisenyukira muri Reuters mu rwego rwo gukomeza ubukombe n’ubukaka Reuters yari ifite mu Bwongereza ndetse no mu ruhando mpuzamahanga !
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Mu gihe cy’intambara z’isi yose uko zakabaye nibwo havukaga amakimbirane hagati ya The Guardian na Reuters aho The Gaurdian yashinjaga iki kigo ko cyataye umurongo maze kikigarurirwa n’ingengabitekerezo yo kwamamaza Leta aho gukorera abaturage.
Izi ntonganya zatumye Reuters yikubita agashyi maze ikura akarenge muri gahunda zibogamiye kuri Leta zose niko guhita Reuters ifata irindi zina ryari rishya rya Reuters Trust !
Muri 1941 Reuters yaguzwe n’ikindi kigo cyo muri Australia na New Zeland yitwa The Reuters Trust Principles .
Muri 1961 Agence Reuters yakoze akandi gashya ubwo yatangazaga bwa mbere agashya k’uko Ubudage bwanzuye kubaka urukuta rwabugabanyagamo 2 ,urukuta rwa Berlin maze yongera guhabwa akazina ka Rudahangarwa mu Itangazamakuru ku isi yose !
Mu mwaka wa 2008 nibwo Agence Reuters na Agence France-Presse hamwe na Associated Press byagizwe ibigo ntaramakuru 3 bidahangarwa mu ruhando mpuzamahanga bidasubirwaho !
Guhera mu 2010 Reuters ikaba ifite ikicaro i New York City, gusa mu myaka ishize ikaba yariteguraga kwimukira muri Toronto muri Canada.
Agence Reuters ikoresha indimi 20 ikaba kandi ifite ibiro mu mijyi 20 ku isi yose no mu bihugu 94 kuri uyu mubumbe !
Mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 2016 Reuters yagabanije abakozi bayo bagera ku 2.000 bari 50.000 maze isigarana abakozi 48.000 aha kandi ikaba ariho igaragariza ko ari ikigo kidasanzwe mu rwego rw’ubuhangange mu by’imari n’ubukungu.
Ubu ikoresha abanyamakuru 600 bafata amafoto kandi muri gahunda zihariye zayo ,Reuters yashyizeho agatabo kagenga imikorere n’imyitwarire y’abanyamakuru bayo kitwa Reuters Handbook of Journalist umunyamakuru wayo yitwaza aho agiye hose mu rwego rwo kwirinda guteshuka no gutandukira amahame y’umwuga w’itangazamakuru n’imigenzo ya Reuters by’umwihariko!
2.1 Nta jambo “Terrorist” uzasanga mu nkuru za Reuters, uwo wita Ikihebe afite umwita umucunguzi!
Nyuma y’aho ibyihebe biturikirije ibisasu ku miturirwa ya The World Trade Centre muri New York na The Pentagon muri Washinngton muri Amerika ku wa 11 Nzeri 2001, Reuters yatangaje isi yose aho yarahiraga igatsemba ko itazigera ikoresha ijambo “Ibyihebe” mu nyandiko zayo.
Ni mu mpaka zaje no kubura gica hagati ya Stephen Jukes wari ahagarariye Reuters ku isi yose hamwe na Howard Kurtz wari ushinzwe gutegura inyandiko za Reuters zose ku isi aho umwe yemezaga ko byakorwa ariko Umuyobozi we akamuhakanira agatsemba.
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Reuters yateranye amagambo n’Ikigo The Associated Press kibazaga impamvu Reuters idakoresha iryo jambo kandi ikorera muri Amerika maze Reuters yo ivuga ko ntabyo izakora ko hari igihe abantu bita abandi ibyihebe kandi mu rundi ruhande baba bari kurwanira kwigobotora ingoyi z’ababa bababoshye mu cyo yise Freedom Fighting !
Mu magambo ye, Bwana Stephen Jukes yagize ati “ Muri byose tuzi ko mu ruhande rumwe uwitwa Ikihebe abandi mu rundi ruhande baba bamwita Umurwanyi w’amahoro n’umukiza wabo”!
Ati : Bityo ntihazagire uhirahira kwandika ijambo “Ikihebe” ….. Twe tugomba gufata umuntu ku byamubayeho ku giti cye ariko nta mpamvu yo kuyoborwa n’amarangamutima ashingiye kuri politiki cyangwa morali ya bamwe tutitaye ku cyabaye icyo aricyo cyose ,kandi tujya hariya gushaka inkuru zo kuvuga ntituriyo ku bwo gucukumbura akarimurori mu mpamvu zo guhoza amarira abagize ibibazo bisa no kuboza mu bwonko”.
- Associated Press [ AP ], ibiro ntaramakuru by’Abanyamerika
Associated Press ni Ibiro Ntaramakuru by’Abanyamerika bifite ikicaro i 200 Liberty Street, New York muri Amerika.
Ibi biro ntaramakuru bikaba byarashinzwe ahagana mu 1846 kuri ubu bikaba byujuje imyaka 170 bikora.
Kuri ubu bikoresha abakozi 3,200 mu mpande zitandukanye z’isi.
Abakozi hafi ya bose ba AP usanga bakorera mu ma Radio na Televiziyo zayo ziri muri Amerika kandi bose usanga bibumbiye mu ishsyirahamwe bita Newspaper Guild naryo ribarizwa mu Mpuzamashyirahamwe y’Abanyamakuru yo muri Amerika bita Communication Workers of America muri Amerika.
Mu mwaka wa 2007 honyine habaruwe Ibitangazamakuru bigera ku 1,700 byakoresheje inkuru za AP utabariyemo Televiziyo na Radio zisaga 5000 ku isi yose byakoresheje inkuru za AP mu nkuru zabyo, AP kandi ikaba ifite ibiro 243 mu bihugu 120 ku isi yose .
AP yashinzwe n’ibitangazamakuru byishyize hamwe uko byari 5 byakoreraga muri New York ,ibi bikaba byarabaye ku gitekerezo cy’umugabo witwaga Moses Yale Beach igitekerezo cyahurije hamwe ibitangazamakuru nka : The New York Herald , The New York Courier & Enquirer ,The Journal of Commerce hamwe na The New York Evening Express !
Mu 1941 nibwo AP yatangije uburyo buhambaye bwo gutangaza amakuru bukoresheje Radio na Televiziyo mu kitwa Associated Press Television News [ APTN ].
4.BBC : Ni Radio mpuzamahanga y’Abongereza
BBC [ British Broadcasting Corporation ] ni Radio mpuzamahanga ikomeye kurusha izindi zose zabayeho.
BBC ifite ibiro 50 ku isi hamwe n’abanyamakuru bayiserukira basaga 250 ku isi yose utabariyemo abakozi 3,500 ikoresha muri bo abahwanye na 2000 ni abanyamakuru gusa.
BBC kandi igira amatsinda akorera imbere mu Bwongereza hamwe n’andi mashami akorera hanze ya London ndetse no mu mahanga ya kure.
BBC kandi ikoresha ingengo y’imari ihwanye n’ama Pounds miliyoni 350 ku mwaka ! Uwavuga ko BBC ikoresha ingengo y’imari iruta kure iyo bimwe mu bihugu byo mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari bikoresha mu buzima no mu mutekano ntiyaba akabije ! Ni igitangaza cya Radio ikomeye ku rwego rutagereranywa.
Nubwo bimeze gutyo ariko BBC ni ikigo gifite ubwigenge bucagase mu mari n’imikorere [ Quasi-Autonomous Corporation ] ku buryo ubutegetsi budafite uburenganzira bwo kuba bwahindura cyangwa bwakwirukana umuyobozi wayo cyangwa ibindi byose bijyanye n’imikorere yihariye ya Radio cyangwa Televiziyo kimwe n’ubundi buryo bwose BBC ikoresha irigenga biringaniye.
BBC yatangaje inkuru yayo bwa mbere kuwa 14 Ugushyingo 1922 gusa mu ntangiriro BBC ntiyavugaga amakuru ahubwo yakoreshaga andi ma radio byakoranaga uretse ko mu 1934 BBC aribwo yatangije ibiganiro ku ma radio yayo bwite naho ibya Televiziyo byo ikaba yarabitangiye ahagana mu 1948, ariko amakuru nyamakuru yayatangiye mu 1954.
Muri Afrika nta kigo na kimwe gikomeye kihabarizwa ,kuko henshi usanga ari ibigo by’itangazamakuru by’igihugu bwite ibindi byigenga ntabwo bizwi ku rwego rufatika.
Nko mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari no muri Afrika y’Iburasirazuba usanga nibura ikigo cyageragezaga ari Nation Media Group cy’abanya Kenya ariko iki nacyo hari ubwo ubona kiri mu marembera.
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Marshall David Eugene/ Bwiza.com
