Mu itegeko rikiganirwaho ryerekeye guhana ibyaha mu Rwanda, harimo ingingo zivuga ko gusebanya ari icyaha, ndetse hateganijwemo n’ibihano birimo n’igifungo. Abanyamakuru nibo babaye aba mbere mu kwamagana izi ngingo ariko si bo bonyine zireba.
N’ubwo nta tegeko rireba ibyabaye mbere y’uko ritangazwa (principe de non retrospection), icyaha cyo gusebanya kimaze kugaragara ku bantu benshi harimo na bamwe mu bategura n’abazatora iri tegeko.
Min Evode Uwizeyimana ngo yaba yarise abanyamakuru IMIHIRIMBIRI, “Itabasha kubona amande yaciwe, bityo ngo uwasebejwe akaba nk’uwariwe n’imbwa itagira nyirayo ihita iburira mu gihuru”. Aha yashakaga kuvuga ko adafunzwe nta cyaba gikozwe.
Aho mu nteko kandi, yavuze ko ibitangazamakuru bikomeye ku isi(Le Figaro, Liberation, The Guardian, Washington Post, The Financial Times, …) bibara inyungu mbere yo kwibasira umuntu. Byasanga inyungu ziruta amande bizacibwa, bikamwandagaza.
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Mu minsi mike ishize, humvikanye umudepite wise umuyobozi wa Human Rights Watch ‘Imbwa y’umujenosideri’, nyuma y’aho hari uwari amaze indi minsi amwise ‘Umurwayi wo mu mutwe ukwiye kujya i Ndera bakamuvura’, kandi ntihari hashize iminsi abantu biswe “Utuzungu tw’imburamukoro’.
Si kera cyane kandi, umuyobozi mu karere ka Gasabo yari aherutse kubwira abaturage ba Rutunga ngo “birinde abanyamakuru [ batikura ku yo baneye ], ngo nta buvugizi babakorera’. Aba bose usensenguye ntiwaburamo gusebanya, kwandagaza no gusagarira abavugwa.
Umunyamakuru ashaka amakuru akayatangaza, ubugenzacyaha bugakurikirana, umucamanza akemeza icyaha
Mu Rwanda hakunze kuvugwa abanyamakuru batangaza inkuru ku bantu batitwaye neza mu buzima, bamwe barabifungirwa (nka Niyonambaza Asmani na Kalisa Frank) bivanze mu buzima bw’abantu bakomeye. Nyuma yabwo hari abandi bayobozi bavuzweho kutihesha agaciro mu byumba bicumbikira abantu by’igihe gito (lodges), n’ubwo nta munyamakuru wabifungiwe.
Inkuru rero, ni itangiriro ry’iperereza, akazi k’umunyamakuru karangirira mu gutanga amakuru, ubugenzacyaha bugatahura, urukiko rukemeza icyaha.
Bitabaye ibyo, abanyereza bakaza umurego kuko nta wabavuga ngo izo nzego zibonereho. Ikindi bigabanya ubwisanzure bw’abatanga amakuru, kandi amakuru ntaba icyaha.
Muri urwo rwego, iyo gutangaza amakuru biba bifungirwa, abameya begura baba bakidegembya kuko baba barahishiriwe ngo hatagira uhanirwa gusebanya. Ibyavuzwe kuri ba Meya ba Rubavu byamaze umwaka urenga ariko birangira beguye cyangwa bafunzwe. Mu karere ka Nyamagabe, naho byavuzwe umwaka urenga, birangira Meya atawe muri yombi.
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Abanyamadini nabo ntibahwemye kwifatira mu gahanga abanyamakuru ngo barabasebya, birara mu mitungo y’ababizera barikenura karahava. Za nzego zaje kubitera imboni, bukeye bagaragara mu myenda y’iroza, batanashaka ko wa munyamakuru yabafotora, aho kumusanga muri iyo mpuzankano yarazize ko yatungiye agatoki inzego zibishinzwe.
Gufunga si bwo butabera
Uburyo bwo gucyaha abanyamakuru mu Rwanda burahari, bikorwa na RMC; kandi nta wayigannye ngo aburirwe igisubizo. Abanyamakuru basabwe kuvuguruza inkuru, abandi bagiriwe inama, abandi bahagarikwa amezi, yemwe hari n’abamburwa ibyangombwa by’umwuga.
Umwe mu banyamakuru wize iby’amategeko, avuga ko gufunga atari cyo gihano, ngo cyane ko guhana biba bigamije kugorora. “Gutumizwa na RMC ni igihano, kwandika wivuguruza ni igihano, amande ni igihano, kwamburwa ikarita ni igihano”.
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Abanyamakuru bibaza impamvu hihuturwa gufunga, mu gihe gahunda ya Leta ari ukwimakaza ubutabera bwunga (alternative justice). Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa RMC asanga binanyuranyije n’umurongo Leta yihaye. Ati, “haba muri Vision 2020, UPR, EDPRS, na gahunda y’imyaka 7 ya Guverinoma, intego zo guteza imbere itangazamakuru zirimo kurishyigikira no guharanira ko umunyamakuru yakwisanzura”.
Umusaza mu itangazamakuru, Rugambwa Gerard ati, “Nta terambere rishoboka mu gihe ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bunyongwa, biteye isoni n’agahinda ku gihugu cyateye imbere ribigizemo uruhare, amahanga akaba aza kukigiraho. Ni ikimwaro ku gihugu kitegura kuyobora Afurika yose mu mwaka utaha”.
Uko biri kose, niba u Rwanda rwiyemeje gufunga abanyamakuru ngo basebanije, nirwitegure kwagura amagereza ave kuri 12 nayo arimo ubucucike bw’abasanga ibihumbi 60. Nibongere kandi ingengo y’imari, inkunga abanyamakuru batabonaga bari mu bikorwa byubaka igihugu, yongererwe urwego rw’amagereza rukoresha miliyoni 15 ku munsi, maze abanyamakuru iyo nkunga baburiye i Remera kuri ARJ bayisange i Mageragere, Ntsinda, Mpanga n’ahandi.
Zimwe mu ngingo z’itegeko rishya zireba umunyamakuru
Gusebanya(169), gutukana mu ruhame(170), gukoza isoni abayobozi(254), gusagarira Perezida wa Repubulika(256), gutuka cyangwa gusebya Perezida wa Repubulika(257), kwivanga mu buzima bwite b’umuntu(164), gutangaza amagambo n’amashusho uko atafashwe(165).
Ingingo ya 169 : Gusebanya
Umuntu wese, yitwaje ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo yemererwa na Leta, ku bw’inabi kandi mu ruhame witirira undi muntu igikorwa cyangwa imyitwarire bishobora kumutesha icyubahiro cyangwa agaciro cyangwa gishobora kumusuzuguza, aba akoze icyaha cyo gusebanya.
Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka ibiri (2) ariko kitarenze imyaka itatu (3) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni eshatu (3.000.000) ariko atarenze miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano.
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Igikorwa kivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo nticyitwa gusebanya iyo ibyatangajwe ari ukuri kandi biri mu nyungu rusange.
Ingingo ya 170 : Gutukana mu ruhame
Umuntu wese utuka undi mu ruhame aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, igihano ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’iminsi cumi n’itanu (15) ariko kitarenze amezi abiri (2) , ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi y’ibihumbi ijana (100.000) ariko atarenze ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000) n’imirimo y’inyungu rusange mu gihe kitarenze iminsi cumi n’itanu (15) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano. Gutukana mu ruhame bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo ni ikimenyetso, imigenzereze, ijambo cyangwa inyandiko bigambiriye gukomeretsa umuntu ku bushake kandi ku buryo butaziguye.
Ingingo ya 254 : Gukoza isoni abayobozi b’igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’igihugu
Umuntu wese ukoza isoni mu magambo, mu bimenyetso cyangwa ibikangisho, inyandiko cyangwa ibishushanyo, umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu gihe akora umurimo yatorewe cyangwa biturutse kuri uwo murimo, umwe mu bagize Guverinoma, abashinzwe umutekano cyangwa undi wese ushinzwe umurimo rusange w’igihugu mu gihe akora umurimo ashinzwe cyangwa ari wo biturutseho, aba akoze icyaha.
Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’umwaka umwe (1) ariko kitageze ku myaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi y’ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000) ariko atarenze miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano.
Niba gukoza isoni byabereye mu nama y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko cyangwa byakorewe umwe mu bayobozi bakuru b’Igihugu, ibihano biteganyijwe mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo byikuba kabiri.
Ingingo ya 256 : Kugirira urugomo cyangwa gusagarira Perezida wa Repubulika
Umuntu wese ugirira urugomo cyangwa usagarira Perezida wa Repubulika, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka icumi (10) ariko kitarenze imyaka cumi n’itanu (15).
Iyo kugirira urugomo cyangwa gusagarira Perezida wa Repubulika, byateguriwe umugambi cyangwa se byategewe igico, igihano kiba igifungo kirenze imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20).
Iyo kugirira urugomo cyangwa gusagarira Perezida wa Repubulika biteye urupfu cyangwa byakozwe hagamijwe kwica, uwakoze icyaha ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu.
Ingingo ya 257 : Gutuka cyangwa gusebya Perezida wa Repubulika
Umuntu wese utuka cyangwa usebya Perezida wa Repubulika, aba akoze icyaha.
Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itanu (5) ariko itarenze imyaka irindwwi (7) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda arenze miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000) ariko atarenze miliyoni zirindwi (7.000.000).
Ingingo ya 164 : Kwivanga mu mibereho bwite y’undi muntu
Umuntu wese, ku bw’inabi, mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, wivanga mu mibereho bwite y’undi akoresheje:
- kumviriza cyangwa gutangaza amagambo abantu bavugiye mu muhezo atabiherewe uruhushya;
- gufata ifoto cyangwa amajwi n’amashusho nyirayo atabitangiye uruhushya, aba akoze icyaha.
Umuntu wese uhamijwe n’urukiko gukora kimwe mu bikorwa bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu (6) ariko kitarenze umwaka umwe (1) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) ariko atarenze miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano.
Iyo ibikorwa bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo byabaye bene byo babibona kandi babizi, ntibabyamagane kandi bashoboraga kubyamagana, bifatwa nk’aho babyemeye.
Ibihano bivugwa mu gika cya 2 cy’iyi ngingo ni byo bihabwa umuntu, ku bw’inabi, usakaza hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ifoto, amajwi n’amashusho, ifatamajwi cyangwa inyandiko yabonywe hakoreshejwe igikorwa kimwe mu bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo.
Ingingo ya 165 : Gutangaza amagambo cyangwa amashusho binyuranye n’uko byafashwe
Umuntu wese utangaza, ku bw’inabi hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose, amagambo yahinduwe agatangazwa uko atavuzwe cyangwa amashusho n’amafoto by’umuntu byagaragajwe uko bitafashwe, ntagaragaze ko binyuranyije n’uko byafashwe, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu (6) ariko kitarenze umwaka umwe (1) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) ariko atarenze miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano.
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