Mu gihe amakimbirane mu bihugu by’Abarabu akunze kuvugwa mu itangazamakuru, niko amazina Shia na Sunni, ibice bibiri bigize idini ya Islam, amaze kumenyekana mu bantu bakurikirana amakuru ku Isi, nubwo ibibatandukanya batabisobanukirwa neza. Bwiza.com yifuje kubagezaho amateka y’ibi bice bibiri bigize idini ya Islam, ibibatandukanya n’umubare w’abayoboke babyo.
Izina Shia (Rimwe na rimwe ryandikwa Shi’ite) ni igice kimwe cyo mu idini rya Islam cyagaragaye nyuma y’urupfu rw’intumwa Muhammad mu mwaka wa 632 nyuma ya Yesu, aho bivugwa ko abashinze Shia bifuzaga ko ubuyobozi bw’idini buhabwa umukwe wa Muhammad witwa Ali.
Mu binyejana byakurikiyeho, kutumva ibintu kimwe mu bijyanye n’iyobokamana byagiye bifata intera hagati y’Abashia n’Abasunni. Abashia babarirwa hagati y’10 na 13% muri miliyari 1,6 by’Abasilamu bose, bizera ko Ali ari we wahawe mu buryo bw’umwuka ububasha bwo kuyobora Islam.
Bivugwa ko Intumwa Muhammad itigeze igena uzamusimbura bidasubirwaho, ndetse nyuma y’urupfu rwe imiryango y’Abarabu yari yarinjije mu idini mbere gato igenda icika intege.
Abayoboke ba Muhammad bahise bihutira kwishyiriraho umusimbura, bahitamo sebukwe wa Muhammad witwa Abu Bakr wari mu nshuti ze za hafi.
Amakuru aturuka muri bamwe mu Bashia avuga ko benshi mu basilamu bizeye ko Muhammad yasize agennye Ali nk’uzamusimbura. Muri iyi myaka rero niho amakimbirane muri Islam yatangiye, abari bashyigikiye Ali bahinduka Abashia. Iri zina rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Icyarabu, “Sàa” , risobanura ishyaka cyangwa abasimbura, bakaba baravugaga umusimbura wa mbere, Ali.
Nk’uko byagaragaye, ngo Ali yaje kugirwa umusimbura wa kane wagombaga kuzaba Caliph (Umuyobozi mukuru wa Islam wafatwaga nk’umusimbura wa Muhammad) hagati y’umwaka wa 656 na 661 nyuma ya Yesu. Kutumvikana muri Islam rero kwaje kurushaho ubwo umuhungu wa Ali witwa Hussein yicwaga muri 680 yiciwe Karbala muri Irak yishwe n’ingabo za caliph wari uyoboye Islam icyo gihe, Yazid I nk’uko Wikipedia ivuga. Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Hussein, ba caliph b’Abasunni bakomeje ubutegetsi bwabo, Abashia bahabwa akato.
Nk’uko byemezwa n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi, Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life, ngo mu bihugu byinshi byo mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati, Abasunni 40% ntibafata Abashia nk’Abasilamu ba nyabo, mu gihe Abashia bashinja ubuyobozi bw’Abasunni kugira amahame ashobora guteza ubutagondwa mu basilamu.
Itandukaniro hagati y’Abashia n’Abasunni
Usibye kuba Abashia basenga gatatu ku munsi Abasunni bagasenga gatanu, hari n’ibindi bintu bitandukanya ibi bice bibiri bya Islam. Ibice byombi bishingiye ku nyigisho za Quran Yera, ndetse na Sunnah nk’inzira y’ikitegererezo mu buzima bw’Abasilamu nk’uko bisobanurwa na Quran ndetse n’inyigisho za Muhammad zizwi nka Hadith. Abashia ariko bakaba bafata n’ibivugwa na ba Imam nka Hadith.
Kimwe mu bintu bikomeye kigaragaza itandukaniro mu ngengabitekerezo z’ibi bice byombi, nuko Abashia bafata ba Imam nk’abantu bera kandi bafite ubuyobozi mu by’umwuka bakaba abahuza hagati y’abemera na Allah. Ku Bashia, ngo Imam ntabwo ari uwungirije intumwa gusa ahubwo niwe uyihagarariye ku isi. Abashia kandi ngo ntibakora umutambagiro (Hajj) i Macca gusa, ahubwo banasura imva 11 muri 12 za ba Imam, bafatwa nk’abatagatifu. Imam wa 12 ari we Mehdi we afatwa nk’uhishe cyangwa uwabuze.
Ku rundi ruhande, Abasunni bo ntabwo baha ako gaciro Imam uwo ari we wese kandi mu Basunni ijambo Imam rivuga umuyobozi w’umusigiti cyangwa umuyobozi w’umuryango runaka w’Abasilamu.
Amahame 5 ya Islam ariyo; kugaragaza kwizera, gusenga, igisibo, ibikorwa byo gufasha no kujya i Macca nubwo ahuriweho nAbashia n’Abasunni, mu myemerere y’Abashia asobanurwa bitandukanye bakagira n’andi ashyigikira 5 ya mbere.
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Amahame 5 y’ingenzi y’Abashia ni Tawhid (kwemera Imana imwe), Nubuwwah (kwemera intumwa), Kuzuka, ubutabera bw’Imana na Imamah (bisobanura kwizera ubudahangarwa bw’abasimbura b’intumwa). Aha hiyongeraho andi twavuze ari yo ya yandi 5 ahuriweho muri Islam yose, ariko hakiyongeraho Khums (Kwaka icya gatanu), gushyigikira ukuri, kubuza ikibi, Tawallà¡ (Gukunda ikiza) na Tabarra (bisobanura kwitandukanya n’abanga ikiza n’abagirira nabi Islam). Ikindi kintu Abashia bemera ni Jihad (Intambara ntagatifu) ikomeje kugibwaho impaka mu ntiti z’Abasilamu.
Mu muco wa kisilamu, Jihad igizwe n’ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi: Kurwana ubwawe ugerageza kuguma mu nzira y’Imana ndetse n’intambara yo hanze yo kurwanya abanzi ba Islam ishobora kurangwa n’ubugizi bwa nabi cyangwa ntubube.
Kugeza ubu umubare munini w’Abashia usangwa muri Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon na Bahrain, akaba ari byo bisobanura ubwiyongere bw’Abashia hagendewe ku miterere y’aha hantu basangwa.
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