Joseph Desire Mobutu, Marshal Mobutu cyangwa se Mobutu Sese Seko…yari umukuru w’igihugu wihaye ububasha bwo guhindura izina ry’igihugu, Congo akita Zaire, ategeka abaturage bose kwivanaho amazina y’amazungu ndetse akaba avugwaho kwigwizaho imitungo no kwimika abo ashaka ko bayobora.
Yavukiye ku butaka bwa Lisala mu cyahoze ari Congo Mbiligi ku wa 10 Ukwakira 1930, yinjira mu gisirikare mu 1949 aho yakuye ipeti rya Sergeant Major, apfira mu mugi wa Rabbat muri Marroc ku wa 7 Nzeri 1997.
Yafashe ubutegetsi mu 1965 nyuma yo guhirika Perezida Joseph Kasavubu wamugize umuyobozi w’igisirikare cya Congo. Yayoboye imyaka 32, akurwaho na we ahiritswe mu 1997.
Ku wa 30 Kamena 1960 ubwo Congo yabonaga ubwigenge, Perezida Joseph Kasavubu na Patrice Lumumba wari Minisitiri w’Intebe bagize Mobutu Umunyamabanga wa Leta mu bya gisirikare.
Mu 1960 Lumumba yashatse kuvanaho ubutegetsi bwa Kasavubu ariko Mobutu aramushyigikira. Mobutu yasigaranye ububasha maze yambura ububasha abanyapolitiki bose.
Mu 1961, Mobutu yasubije ububasha Kasavubu maze na we amugira umuyobozi w’ingabo za Congo.
Bizwi ko Mobutu ari we wishe Patrice Lumumba nyuma yo gufungwa n’ingabo ze, nyuma agahungira muri Katanga; aha ni na ho bivugwa ko ingabo za Congo na Katanga zamutsinze.
Nyuma y’amahari yari hagati ya Perezida Kasavubu wabaye uwa mbere wa Congo na Moise Tshombe wari Minisitiri, Mobutu yarahindukiye aramuhigika maze afata umwaka w’Umukuru w’Igihugu.
Mu Kwakira 1971, Mobutu yahinduye izina rya Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Congo, ayita Repubulika ya Zaire ariko umurwa mukuru ukomeza kuba Kinshasa.
Mu 1972 yahinduye amazina ye (yakuyeho Joseph Desire) maze yiyita Mobutu Sese Seko Koko Ngbendu Wa Za Banga (Ubusobanuro bugenekereje: Umurwanyi w’umunyembaraga wihangana kandi ufite ubushake bw’insinzi, aratsinda akongera agatsinda, agasiga umuriro aho ahagurutse), ategeka buri muturage wa Zaire kuvanaho izina yabonaga ko ari irya gikoloni (irifaransa cyangwa iry’Icyongereza), ateganya n’ibihano ku mupadiri uzabatiza umuturage wa Zaire.
Ku ngoma ya Mobutu hari ishyaka rya politiki rimwe ryemewe n’itegeko kugeza mu 1990, ryitwaga Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution (MPR) ari na ryo yabarizwagamo.
Abataravugaga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu bari abahunze igihugu, bumwe mu bwoko bwavugaga rikumvikana ku ngomba zatambutse, abanyeshuri ba kaminuza.
Kaminuza ya Britannica dukesha aya makuru ivuga ko hari umutwe waturutse muri Katanga wabaga muri Angola wakundaga kwibasira iyi ntara Mobutu yahaye izina rya Shaba (intara ya Katanga).
Mobutu yishingikirizaga cyane inkunga zaturukaga mu bihugu byo mu burengerazuba bw’isi gusa mu myaka y’1990 zarahagaze.
Mbere muu 1977, Mobutu yasabye ingabo z’Ubufaransa kumufasha guhangana n’imitwe yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bwe harimo n’uyu wavaga muri Angola. Mu 1970 no mu 1997 yongeye gutorerwa umwanya wa Perezida nta wundi bahatanye.
Mobutu yayoboye Zaire ndetse afatwa nk’umutegetsi utinyitse ariko ngo ntiyigeze ageza iki gihugu ku iterambere, ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe na ruswa, gukoresha nabi umutungo n’amafaranga, kutubaka ibikorwaremezo kugeza ubwo yahiritswe na Laurent Desire Kabila mu 1997, apfira mu buhungiro nyuma y’igihe gito.
