Plan Marshall: Umugambi karundura mu by’ubukungu wabayeho kuva isi yaremwa kugeza none

Iyi si dutuye igiye ifite ibyiciro bitandukanye by’amateka agizwe n’ibikorwa binini n’ibitoya byagiye byubaka izina bitakwibagirana mu mateka ya muntu.
Nk’ubu usanga abantu bashobora gusobanura amateka y’isi ahanini bibanda ku bihe bikomeye 2 byabaye mu isi hamwe ujya kumva ngo ikintu iki cyangwa kiriya yabayeho ‟mbere cyangwa nyuma y’ivuka rya Yesu ″.
Muri iyi si ya none ukumva ngo iki cyangwa kiriya cyabayeho ″mberecyangwa nyuma y’intambara ya mbere cyangwa ya kabiri y’isi yose″ n’ibindi.
Hagati y’ibyo bihe tuvuze haruguru twafasheho urugero usangamo ibyiciro by’ibintu byagiye bibaho utarondora ahanini biba bigizwe n’intambara ,ubuhanga n’iterambere mu by’ubwenge byagiye bivumburwa n’ibindi byinshi tuzashakira umwanya wabyo wihariye mu nkuru zacu zitaha.
Kuri iyi nshuro ikinyamakuru Bwiza.com twiyemeje kubagezaho amavu n’amavuko y’umwe mu migambi y’ubukungu ihambaye yabayeho ku isi igasiga isi yanditse ipaji nshya mu mibereho ya muntu!
Uwo mugambi nta wundi ni Plan Marshall tugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda ni Umugambi wa Marshall .

1. Imvo n’Imvano y’Umugambi witiriwe General Charles C. Marshall

Nushaka uwite ‟Umugambi wo kuzahura ubukungu bw’Uburayi″ ariko aha hakaba haribandwaga ku Burayi bw’Uburengerazuba wabayeho nyuma y’Intambara ya 2 y’Isi yose, intambara yarangiye mu 1945 yari imaze gusiga uyu mugabane uhindutse amatongo nyuma uyu mugambi ukaza kubaho mu 1948-1951.
Yari intambara y’ishiraniro aho wasangaga ubutegetsi bwa Adolf Hitler wayoboraga Ubudage n’abamushyigikiye bari bashatse kwigarurira isi bahereye mu Burayi ,bagatsindwa ariko bitabujije ko Uburayi busigara ari umusaka.
Imirwano y’ibi bihugu nta mbunda cyangwa igikoresho karundura cy’intambara yasize inyuma kidakoreshejwe kuko uretse n’imbaga itabarika yayitikiriyemo, na bimwe mu bikorwaremezo [niba atari byose ahubwo ) ntibyarebewe izuba ,kuko byashyizwe hasi.
Imijyi mikuru nka Paris cyangwa London yari yaratwitswe,imirima y’imyaka yarahiye ,ibiraro byarasenyutse ,imihanda ya gari ya moshi , n’ibindi byose byahuzaga Uburayi byashyizwe hasi.
Byumvikane ko icyari gukurikiraho bwari ubukene bukomeye ku rwego rutari bwabeho kuri yu mugabane iyo hatagira igikorwa mu rwego rwo kuzahura uyu mugabane w’Uburayi wari ugeze aho umwanzi yashakaga.
Niba wumva neza uko iki kibazo cyari giteye ,urahita unatekereza ko Uburayi ubwabwo atari bwo bwari kwihagurutsa ngo bwisane bunikure kuri ako gatebe k’ubutindi bwari bumaze kwicazwaho na Adolf Hitler wari umaze gutsindwa urugamba rwa gisirikare uruhenu .
Iteka intambara yose birumvikana iba igomba gusiga inkovu zayo mu by’ubukungu ,imibereho myiza y’abaturage ,ubuhinzi cyangwa ubucuruzi bukahazaharira.
Hari mu mwaka wa 1948 rero ubwo uwari Umunyamabanga wa Leta mu by’imibano n’amahanga wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika icyo gihe, General Charles C. Marshall wahoze mu ngabo za Amerika yacuraga umugambi kabuhariwe mu byo gusana umugabane w’Uburayi kuri bije bwite ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Gen.Charles C. Marshall yasobanuriye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Amerika hamwe na Sena ko niba umugabane w’Uburayi udasanwe mu maguru mashya ntaho isi yaba igana ko kandi Uburayi buzaterwa n’ubukene, ubwo bukene bukaba inkomoko y’intambara yari kuba akarande kuri uwo mugabane ndetse igakwira ku isi yose.
Bamwe mu Banyamerika bawusamiye hejuru abandi basa n’abibaza ukuntu amafaranga y’igihugu cyabo agiye gukoreshwa mu kubaka undi mugabane kandi nabo hari ibyabo bitari byajya ku murongo impaka ziba urudaca ku musozi wa Capitole muri Washington D.C [ Ahubatse Inteko na Sena bya Amerika ] !
2.Ibyo umugambi witiriwe General C. Marshall wagombaga kwibandaho

Muri iyi nkuru yacu itari buburemo imboneko ya kidipolomasi murakomeza mwibaze impamvu Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zahagurutse zigakoberera kubaka umugabane ugizwe n’ibihugu bitari ibyabo kandi ariko aha tunahace akarongo ko bitabaye ku busabe bw’ibihugu byari bimaze gushegeshwa n’intambara ya 2 y’isi yose.

Ubusanzwe abantu bo kuri iyi si ya none haba hagati y’abantu ubwabo ndetse no hagati y’ibihugu mu mibanire yabyo usanga hataburamo ko ushaka inkunga ariwe ujya kuyaka uwo ayisaba.
Ikintu Marshall Plan itandukaniyeho n’ubundi bufasha butangwa ku isi cyangwa izindi nkunga Amerika iha ibindi bihugu biba bivuye mu kaga,nuko nyine Amerika ubwayo ariyo yicaye igapanga uyu mugambi kandi ibi bihugu bitatakambye ,ikindi ari nabyo byishenye mu ntambara byari bivuyemo.
Nguko rero uko mu kwezi kwa Mata 1948 ,Sena ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yemeje uyu mugambi watwaye akayabo ka Miliyaridi 13 z’Amadolari , kuri ubu zikabakaba Miliyaridi 130 z’Amadolari ya Amerika tubariye ku gaciro faranga ko mu 2016 nkuko Wikipedia dukesha iyi nkuru ibivuga.
Mu myaka 4 uyu mugambi witiriwe Marshall hagombaga kwibandwa ku bintu bikurikira:

• Gusana ibyangijwe n’intambara mu turere twashegeshwe kuruta utundi.

• Gukuraho inzitizi mu by’ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka hagati y’Ibihugu byari bigize Uburayi bw’Uburengerazuba.

• Kuvugurura urwego rw’inganda no kubaka inganda nshya kandi zikomeye.

• Kubuza ko ubutegetsi bwa gikomunisiti bwakomokaga ku Burusiya bukomeza gukwirakwira ku mugabane w’Uburayi n’ibindi .

Muri ibyo bindi twavugamo nko kuba Leta Zunze Ubumwe zarashyize imbere ukwiyubaka gushya kw’amasendika y’abakozi ikintu usanga na nubu muri Afurika kitaratera imbere aho ubona abakoresha baba bikanga ko abakozi bakanguka bakamenya uburenganzira bwabo bityo ntibajye bemera gutsikamirwa mu kazi kabo.
Nyamara uku guhugura abakozi kwazamuye urwego rwa za serivisi byanatumye uyu mugambi ugera ku ntego wari wiyemeje.
Habaga hagamijwe ko nta rwego ruzasigara inyuma rutazamutse ariko hanabuzwa ko ubukungu bwashoboraga kuzamuka kuri bamwe abandi bagasigara inyuma ikintu gikunze gutera amakimbirane mu bahuje igihugu cyangwa abahurira ku Karere aka cyanwa kariya.
Ni nko kuba umuntu yatera imbere wenyine mu mudugudu abaturanyi bakarwara imvunja ari nabyo Amerika yangaga ishaka ko Uburayi buzamukira icyarimwe ntawusigaye inyuma.
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Ni mu gihe kandi iyo bitagenda gutyo ngo buri umwe wese yiyumve mu mugambi Mashall urubyiruko rwinshi rwari kwisanga mu bukene maze abogezabutumwa bwa gikomunisiti bakabirohamo bakabashukisha amafaranga ugasanga bya bindi biri gusanwa n’ubundi barabishenye bidateye kabiri.
Muri uku kazahura Uburayi kandi hanibanzwe mu gushyiraho Memorandum yiswe ‟ Modern Business Procedures ″ Abanyaburayi bakangurirwa kutigunga cyangwa ngo bihererane ibyo iki cyangwa kiriya gikorwa ahubwo guhera ubwo ubumenyi burasangirwa imikorere n’imikoranire bitera intambwe ikataje.
Plan Marshall kandi yatanze amafranga ku bihugu hanagendewe ku buryo igihugu iki cyangwa kiriya cyari kibanye na Amerika birumvikana ariko hanagenderwaga ku musaruro mbumbe wa buri gihugu .
Ibi byombi biri mu byagenderwagaho mu gusaranganya amahirwe yagenwaga n’uyu mugambi kabuhariwe w’ubukungu ku isi.
Muri ibi bihugu rero byari bigize Uburengerazuba bw’Uburayi harimo amatsinda abiri hagendewe ku ngingo za kidipolomasi.
Itsinda rya mbere ryari iry’ibihugu bifitanye imikoranire ya hafi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika [ The American Allied States ] hamwe na Leta zirinze kugira uruhande uru cyangwa ruriya zibogamiraho [ Remained Neutral States ] tunazirikana ko iki cyari igihe cy’intambara y’ubutita yari yugarije isi .
Cyari igihe cyarangwaga n’amakimbirane atari yoroshye kugeza n’aho uwo mwabaga mutabyumva kimwe mwubakaga urukuta rutandukanya ibihugu byanyu nka rwarundi rwahoze hagati y’ubudagi bwombi rwari ruzwi nka Berlin Wall cyangwa Urukuta rwa Berilini
Ndetse iyi nkunga ya Amerika twanaboneraho kubabwira ko itageze ku Budage bw’Uburasirazuba butavugaga rumwe n’ibindi bihugu byo mu Burengerazuba .
Iyo urebye rero muri rusange usanga ibihugu byarasaranganijwe iyi nkunga mu buryo bukurikira :

• Ubwongereza bwabonye 26% by’iyi nkunga.

• Ubufaransa bwabonye inkunga ingana na 18%.

• Ubudagi bw’Uburengerazuba bwahawe 11 %.

Ibindi bihugu nabyo bigenda bisaranganya utwari dusigaye ariko Amerika ikimara gutangiza uyu mugambi Uburusiya bwahise buwitambika kugirango utavaho ukwirakwira mu Burayi .
Ibi byatumye Uburusiya nabwo bushinga ikiswe The Eastern Block nabwo bushoramo amafaranga atari make nubwo nta ngano yayo igaragazwa ariko Pologne n’Ubudage bw’Uburasirazuba byahatoreye akayabo.
Uburusiya ariko ntibwacogoye kuko bwanazanye undi mugambi witiriwe Molotov [ The Molotov Pl an ] ariko biranga biba iby’ubusa Marshall Plan iranga irabanikira .
Uko iminsi yagendaga yicuma uyu mugambi wagendaga ugaragaza imbuto zidakuka n’umusaruro ntagereranywa wanatumye Uburayi buba uko buri uyu munsi nka kamwe mu gace k’isi gahambaye mu bukungu butajegajega.
2.1.Ibindi bihangange byavuzwe cyane mu kugena uyu mugambi witiriwe General Charles C. Marshall
Muri iyi gahunda yateguwe n’Ubunyamabanga bwa Leta muri Amerika bushinzwe imibano n’amahanga ariko tunasangamo abandi bantu b’ibihangange babigizemo uruhare.
Birumvikana uwari Perezida wa USA wakomokaga mu ishyaka ry’Abademokarate, Bwana Harry S. Truman ntiyaburamo hamwe n’uruhare rutagereranywa rw’ishyaka ry’aba Repubulikani ryawugizemwo kuko ariryo ryayoboraga Kongere ya Amerika.
Senateri Arthur H. Vanderberg wayoboraga Akanama ka Sena gashinzwe ububanyi n’amahanga nawe avugwamo cyane kimwe na Kaminuza ya Harvard bivugwa ko General Marshall C. Charles yajyanyeyo inyigo y’uyu mushinga mu 1947 ugahita uhabwa amashyi atarigeze akomerwa umwe wese mu bantu babayeho bavuze imbwirwaruhame muri iyo Kaminuza rurangiranwa ku isi.
Ikigo cy’Ubucurabwenge cya Amerika kizwi nka Brookings Institute nacyo nticyatanzwe muri uru rugamba rwo gusana Uburayi kuko abahanga bacyo nka William L.Clayton hamwe na George F.Kennan bafatwaga nk’abavuga rikijyana muri Politiki ya Amerika bashyizeho akabo uyu mushinga ugahita.
3.Uko inkunga ya Marshall Plan yakoreshejwe n’inyungu Amerika yari ifitemo
Iyo abantu twandika cyangwa dusoma inkuru nkizi ariko haba hakwiye no gucukumbura zimwe mu mpamvu zateye Amerika ihaguruka n’iyonka ikajya kubaka Uburayi butanagombeye kuza kuyisaba!

• Ese koko rwari urukundo rwateye Amerika kwirukankira gusana Uburayi?

• Ese kwari ukwigaragaza kw’ubuhangange bwa Amerika cyangwa hari ikindi kibyihishe inyuma ?

• Amerika se hari uruhare uru cyangwa ruriya yagize mu gusenya Uburayi byayiteye ikimwaro n’ishyaka ryo gusana ibyasenyutse kuri uwo mugabane?

• Ese nta zindi nyungu zari zibyihishe inyuma !

Kuri ibi byose twibajije igisubizo ni Yego.
Kimwe cyo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ntizashoboraga kubona ibihugu by’incuti zabyo bihinduka umusaka nk’Ubwongereza cyangwa Ubufaransa ngo ziceceke nyuma yo gutaba Uburayi mu ntambara ya 2 y’isi Amerika yagombaga no kugira icyo ikora.
Ikindi Amerika nkuko twabivuze iyo idahaguruka , Uburusiya bwo bwari tayari kwitwara neza mu kibuga bukigarurira ibi bihugu byari byasamye bitegereje uwo kubigirira imbabazi akabiba hafi.
Aha rero niho haza inyungu za kidipolomasi duhera tuvuga ko General Marshall C. Charles yarebye kure nk’uwari uhagarariye Dipolomasi ya Amerika agasanga kwimakaza ubucuti n’Uburayi bwarashegeshwe n’intambara , bukennye bitari koroha na gato maze ashoramo ifaranga kandi byatanze umusaruro.
Iki kivugwa muri uyu mugambi n’uko byagaragaye ko Marshall Plan ariwo mushinga wabashije gutanga isoko rikomeye ku bicuruzwa n’ibindi bikoresho bya nkenerwa [ raw materials ] byakurwaga mu nganda za Amerika bikajyanwa kwifashishwa mu mirimo yo kubaka Uburayi bundi bushya.
Inganda zikora ibyuma bikoreshwa mu bwubatsi , igisirikare ,ibiribwa n’ibindi zarahazahukiye kuko nazo aho Uburayi busenyukiye ubukungu bugasutama hasi izi nganda bivugwa ko zari zitangiye gufunga imiryangi kubera kubura abakiliya.
Uwavuga ko rero aya mafaranga ama miliyaridi twavuze yaba yaranagarutse akigira mu mifuko y’Abanyamerika ntiyaba akabije kuko igice kinini cyayo cyakoreshejwe mu kurangura ibyabaga bikenewe.
Ibi kandi byatumye Uburayi buhinduka isoko rikomeye rya Amerika na magingo aya, nubwo Amerika nayo ifite ibyo ikurayo kuko uyu mugambi wasize uzamuye urwego rwa business kuri uyu mugabane ku rwego rwo hejuru.
3.1.Ku madolari Miliyaridi zisaga 13 ya Amerika yari agenewe Marshall Plan yakoreshejwe mu buryo bukurira :
-Miliyaridi 3.4 y’amadolari yigiriye mu kugura ibikoresho by’ibanze nkenerwa mu buzima busanzwe bikurwa muri Amerika bizanwa mu Burayi.
-Miliyaridi 3.2 z’amadolari zo zagiye mu bijyanye no kugura ibiribwa , ibitunganirizwa mu nganda hamwe .
-Miliyari 1.9 z’amadolari ya Amerika yaguzwe ibimashini bya rutura , imodoka zari zikenewe n’ibigendanye nazo.
-Miliyaridi 1.6 y’amadolari ya Amerika yaguzwe ibijyanye na Peteroli na Lisansi n’ibindi bisa nabyo.
Aya mafaranga yose yahabwaga za Leta nazo zikayanyuza muri za banki mbere yuko ahabwa abaturage mu nguzanyo zabaga zifite inyungu iri hasi cyane.
Nka Leta y’Ubudage yo yahise inashyiraho Ikigega cyo kubaka no gusana Ubudage bundi bushya kiswe Kreditanstalt FÏ‹r Wiederaufbau cyangwa The Reconstruction Credit Institute mu rurimi rw’icyongereza .
Igihugu cy’Ubuholandi kandi nacyo kiri mu byihutiye gukoresha aya mafaranga kandi bizwi ko kiza mu bihugu 5 bifite na magingo aya ubukungu butajegajega ku mugabane w’Uburayi.
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Gusa iby’inkunga yagenerwaga Ubuholandi byaje kuzamo kidobya kubera Ubuholandi bwasabwaga kureka gukoloneza Indonesia ariko bikajya bibanza kwanga.
Washington yabwiye iki gihugu ko kidahagaritse kubangamira ubwigenge bwa Indonesia inkunga cyagenerwaga icishijwe muri Marshall Plan izahagarikwa maze iki gihugu gitangira gucisha make.
Bamwe mu bantu bakomeye mu Budage nka Bwana Konrad Adenauer wategetse Ubudage yavuze ko nta mugambi yagereranya na Marshall Plan kuva isi yabaho.
Dusoza inkuru yacu ariko ntitwabura kuvuga ko ubanza iyi ari nayo mpamvu iteka Amerika ihora yigaragaza nka se wa batisimu w’umugabane w’Uburayi.
Ngaho Amerika yarwanye hehe, Abanyaburayi bakaba bagezeyo, ugasanga na n’ubu Amerika iracyafite ukuboko gukomeye iyo .

Si igitangaza ko usanga Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zifite ibigo bikomeye bya gisirikare mu bihugu byo mu Burayi nka Pologne , Ubudage , muri Republika ya Estonia n’ahandi.
Yego wavuga ko hari n’andi mahuriro iki gihugu cy’igihangange ku isi gihuriyeho n’Uburayi ,ariko abahanga mu by’imibano n’amahanga bavuga ko intandaro ya byose cyangwa igihango gikuru ari Umugambi witiriwe Marshall .
Ubusanzwe twajyaga twumva imigambi yo gusana igihugu iki cyangwa kiriya bitewe n’ibyago cyanwa ikiza runaka byahuye ariko si kenshi twabonye umugambi w’ubukungu rukokoma ukusanyiriza hamwe umugabane wose ugaterurira hamwe ukubaka uwo mugabane kandi ukozwe n’igihugu kimwe rukumbi!
Imyaka ikabakaba 70 irihiritse uyu mugambi cyangwa se Plan nta numwe uwukuye ku ntebe zo kuba ariwo mugambi wubatse ubukungu butajegajega ku isi hanze ya Amerika binatuma General Marshall C. Charles atazibagirana mu mateka ya Amerika , Uburayi ndetse n’isi muri rusange.
Dusoza kandi abantu bakomeje kwibaza impamvu Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zidatunganya imigambi nkiyi ku bihugu ziba noneho ubwazo zaranagize uruhare mu kubisenya bikayoberana.
Ibihugu nka Irak , Syria , Afghanistan , Libya n’ahandi na nubu biranze bibaye amatongo,nyamara byabuze gifasha kandi ababishenye barebera,ariko byabuze gifasha, mu gihe imigambi nkiyi iyo ireba Abanyaburayi usanga byisuganya nta no kwigora, ikintu cyagakwiye kwigisha abantu ubwenge kurushaho ,bigaharanira kwiyubaka bidategereje ak’imuhana kamwe ngo kaza imvura ihise.
Hibazwa niba nta bagabo nka General Marshall C.Charles bakiba mu butegetsi bwa Amerika n’ahandi ku isi ngo bazahure ayo mahanga yose kugeza n’ubu nta gisubizo cy’ejo hazaza cy’ibyo bihugu.

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Marshall David Eugene/ Bwiza.com