Mu 1991, isi yatunguwe no kubona igihugu cyari kimaze imyaka irenga 45 kibanye mu mahoro gitangira gusenyuka.
Mu gihe kitageze ku myaka icumi, Yugosilaviya yari yarahindutse ikimenyetso cy’ubwiyunge nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, yahindutse isibaniro ry’intambara zikomeye, ubwicanyi ndengakamere, jenoside n’ubuhunzi.
Abantu barenga 130,000 barapfuye, abarenga miliyoni enye bava mu byabo, imijyi irasenywa, ubukungu burahungabana, maze igihugu kimwe kivamo ibihugu birindwi.
Nyuma y’imyaka irenga 30, ikibazo kibazwa ni iki: Ese ni iki cyasenye Yugosilaviya? Byari urwango rw’amoko gusa, cyangwa hari izindi mpamvu zatumye igihugu cyari gikomeye gisenyuka?
Yugosilaviya yari igihugu kimeze gute?
Yugosilaviya yari igizwe na Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia na Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro na Macedonia. Hari kandi intara za Kosovo na Vojvodina zari zifite ubwigenge bwihariye.
Abaturage bacyo bari bafite indimi, amoko n’amadini bitandukanye. Hari Abaseribe, Abakorowasiya, Ababosiniya, Abanyasloveniya n’andi moko. Hari Abakirisitu ba Orthodox, Abagatolika n’Abayisilamu.
Ayo moko yose yari yarahujwe n’ubuyobozi bwa Perezida Josip Broz Tito, washyize imbere ihame ryiswe “Ubumwe n’Ubuvandimwe”, agamije kubaka igihugu kiruta amoko.
Urupfu rwa Tito rwahinduye byinshi
Mu 1980 Tito yarapfuye.
Nubwo igihugu cyari gifite inzego za Leta, nta muyobozi washoboye gusimbura uruhare rwe mu guhuza repubulika zari zikigize.
Ubutegetsi bwatangiye gucikamo ibice, buri ruhande rutangira gushyira imbere inyungu zarwo kurusha iz’igihugu cyose.
Ubukungu bwari bwaracitse intege
Muri icyo gihe, ubukungu bwa Yugosilaviya bwari mu bibazo bikomeye.
Ubushomeri bwarazamutse, amadeni igihugu cyari gifitiye amahanga yariyongereye, ibiciro birazamuka, abaturage batangira kubura icyizere.
Mu mateka, ibibazo by’ubukungu akenshi bituma haboneka umwanya wo gukwirakwiza imvugo z’amacakubiri no gushinja abandi kuba intandaro y’ibibazo.
Politiki y’amoko yabaye intwaro
Mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1980, bamwe mu banyapolitiki batangiye gukoresha amarangamutima ashingiye ku moko kugira ngo bongere imbaraga zabo.
Muri Serbia, Slobodan Milošević yashyize imbere inyungu z’Abaseribe, mu gihe no muri Croatia na Bosnia hari abayobozi bashyize imbere inyungu z’amatsinda yabo.
Ibyo byatumye abaturage batangira kwireba nk’abahagarariye ubwoko bwabo mbere yo kwiyumva nk’abaturage b’igihugu kimwe.
Ubwigenge bwahindutse intambara
Mu 1991 Slovenia na Croatia byatangaje ubwigenge.
Slovenia yarwanye iminsi mike gusa, ariko muri Croatia no muri Bosnia intambara zabaye ndende kandi zikomeye.
Bosnia ni yo yabayemo amahano akomeye kurusha ahandi, kubera ko abaturage bayo bari barivanze cyane.
Srebrenica: Igikomere kitazibagirana
Muri Nyakanga 1995, mu mujyi wa Srebrenica, abasore n’abagabo b’Ababosiniya barenga 8,000 bishwe mu minsi mike.
Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwemeje ko ibyo byari jenoside.
Ni kimwe mu byabaye bibi cyane ku mugabane w’u Burayi nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi.
Amahanga yinjiye atinze
Mu ntangiriro, Umuryango w’Abibumbye wanenzwe kuba waratinze gufata ibyemezo.
Nyuma, NATO yagabye ibitero byo mu kirere kugira ngo ihagarike intambara, maze Amasezerano ya Dayton yo mu 1995 ahagarika imirwano muri Bosnia.
Nyamara, amahoro yabonetse nyuma y’uko ibihumbi byinshi byari bimaze gupfa.
Ese amoko ni yo yonyine yasenye Yugosilaviya?
Abasesenguzi benshi bavuga ko igisubizo ari oya. Amoko n’amadini byari bihari na mbere.
Icyahinduye ubwo bumwe nk’intandaro y’intambara n ‘ihuriro ry’ibintu byinshi: ubukungu bwari bwifashe nabi, intege nke z’inzego za Leta, politiki yubakiye ku moko, kutizerana hagati y’abaturage n’ubukererwe bw’amahanga mu gukumira amakimbirane.
Mu yandi magambo, intambara ntiyavutse ku munsi umwe, ahubwo yubatse buhoro buhoro imyaka myinshi.
Ni ayahe masomo ku Karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari?
Nta karere gafite amateka ameze neza nk’aya Balkan, kandi nta gihugu gikwiye kugereranywa mu buryo bworoshye n’ikindi. Ariko amateka ya Yugosilaviya agaragaza amasomo rusange ashobora gufasha aho ari ho hose habaye amakimbirane.
Isomo rya mbere ni uko amahoro arambye yubakwa binyuze mu biganiro, ubutabera n’inzego zikomeye, aho kubakira gusa ku guhagarika imirwano.
Irya kabiri ni uko ibibazo bya politiki, umutekano n’ubukungu bimara igihe bidakemuwe bishobora gukomeza guteza amakimbirane.
Irya gatatu ni uko imvugo zongera amacakubiri zishobora gukaza umwuka mubi. Kubaka icyizere hagati y’abaturage no kubaha uburenganzira bungana ni kimwe mu byafasha gukumira amakimbirane.
Icya nyuma ni uko amateka agaragaza akamaro ko gukemura ibibazo hakiri kare. Iyo amakimbirane ashyizwe ku ruhande igihe kirekire atabonye ibisubizo, ashobora kurushaho gukomera no kugora kuyahagarika.
Nsoza, Yugosilaviya ntiyasenywe n’impamvu imwe. Yasenywe n’ihuriro ry’ibibazo bya politiki, ubukungu, imiyoborere n’amakimbirane abaturage batashoboye gukemura mu nzira z’amahoro.
Ni yo mpamvu amateka yayo akomeza kwigishwa mu mashuri ya gisirikare, muri dipolomasi no muri siyansi ya politiki. Yibutsa isi ko kubaka igihugu gikomeye bifata imyaka myinshi, ariko ko kugisenya bishobora gufata igihe gito iyo ibibazo birebire bititaweho.
Ku Karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari no ku bindi bice by’isi bifite amateka y’amakimbirane, ayo mateka ntabwo ari ubuhanuzi bw’ibizaba, ahubwo ni urwibutso rw’uko amahoro arambye asaba ubushake bwa politiki, ibiganiro bikomeza, ubutabera n’inzego zizewe n’abaturage.
