Iyo witegereje abatuye isi mu byiciro babamo muri rusange, by’umwihariko mu bihugu bitandukanye babarizwamo , byaba ibyo bavukamo , batemberamo ,bakuriyemo cyangwa bagiyemo ku mpamvu z’imirimo , amasomo n’ubushabitsi busanzwe uhita wibaza ku ruhare rw’umwe wese mu guharanira kugaragaza isura y’igihugu cye , cyaba icy’amavuko hamwe n’ikindi yakwitirirwa kubagira ubwenegihugu burenze bumwe .
Mu gusesengura rero usanga abantu bakunda kumenya ibintu bitandukanye kenshi biba binateye amatsiko ibindi bamwe bakabifata nk’ibitanabareba burundu hamwe usanga rubanda rusanzwe rutanabyibazaho kenshi bagira bati ” ibyo nibyaba na bariya ntibindeba” !
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Ugasanga ku bakunda ruhago barara rwantambi bareba umupira abandi bakabetinga , abandi bakarara bakaraga imibyimba baruhura ubwonko.
Ibyo kandi byose n’ingenzi hamwe umuturage w’i Buzinganjwiri hariya umubaza umusitari wa Arsenal na Barcelona ugasanga azi n’inomero yambara !…
Akamenya UEFA na Copa America , yewe Filime yasohotse uwo munsi ntimucike habe na mba nyamara ugasanga izindi gahunda zibera mu isi zasigaye inyuma haba mu kuzimenya , kuzimenyesha hamwe no kuziganiraho harimo na dipolomasi benshi batajya bita kubyayo kandi yigaragaza uko bwije nuko bukeye .
Iyo bavuze Dipolomasi cyangwa ububanyi n’amahanga wowe wunva Iki?
Ubusanzwe Dipolomasi ni “Ubuhanga n’Uburyo ibihugu bibana bikanaganira Ku mubano hagati yabyo hifashishijwe ababiserukira cyangwa intumwa runaka zagenwe mu gihe runaka”
Dipolomasi kandi inahuza ibihugu n’imiryango mpuzamahanga itandukanye .
Ibi biganiro byibanda ku ngingo nyinshi zirimo nko :
- a) Kubungabunga Amahoro Ku isi
b) Intambara hagati y’ibihugu
c) Uburenganzira bwa Muntu hamwe no kubahiriza amazerano mpuzamahanga igihugu kiba cyarashyizeho umukono n’ibindi….
Igihagararo ariko cy’Ububanyi n’Amahanga uzakibwirwa n’uko buri gihugu usanga cyubaka ubudahangarwa gihereye ku by’ingenzi birimo na dipolomasi itajegajega .
Henshi rubanda rwa giseseka rwayoberwa izina rya bamwe nk’umuyobozi runaka mu gihugu ariko ntawayoberwa Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’amahanga w’Igihugu cye bisa naho iyi Minisiteri ishinzwe Ububanyi n’amahanga iba ariyo ndorerwamo y’ishushombumbe y’igihagararo cy’ubutegetsi mu ruhando mpuzamahanga !
Tumwe mu dushya tuba mu by’ububanyi n’amahanga
Ubusanzwe Umudipolomate wese agira icyo bita “Ubudahangarwa” buzwi mu rurimi rw’icyongereza nka “Diplomatic Immunity”.
Kera ubu budahangarwa butaraza umudipolomate yashoboraga kugaragarwaho n’amakosa agahutazwa cyangwa benshi bakicwa kubera amatati yashoboraga kubaho hagati y’ibihugu baturutsemo maze intambara yarota bakamanikwa.
Kuva ubwo iyo intambara zirose ubu hakurikizwa amasezerano ibihugu byagiranye ahagana mu myaka 50 ishize maze hagakoreshwa agashya bita “Persona Non Grata” ko guhambiriza shishi itabona umudipolomate utifuzwa n’igihugu runaka ku butaka bwacyo mu masaha yagenwe uwahambirijwe ntabe agikoza akarenge ku butaka bw’icyo gihugu !
Abadipolomate kandi bagira inyandiko z’inzira bita “Diplomatic Pass” hiyongeraho icyo muri Dipolomasi bita “Diplomatic Bag cyangwa Diplomatic Pouch” bituma amashakoshi yabo adapfa gusakwa ku byambu banyuraho kereka hari impamvu zidasanzwe harimo no kwibeshya ku ishakoshi ye.
Dipolomasi kandi ntitana ko kunekana hagati y’ibihugu “Espionage” gusa iyi ni serivisi ahanini ikurikiranwa nabandi bantu bakorera muri za Ambassades bita “Military Attachés” usanga aho bari baba bagomba kuneka no kumenya ubushobozi bw’Ubwirinzi bw’Igihugu boherejwemo !
Kubera iyo mpamvu rero baba banategetswe kwitabira imyiyereko ya Gisirikare hamwe utwarasisi tuba twateguwe mu gihugu barimo ariko ikibabaza niyo hari intasi batumye kuneka byimbitse maze zigafatwa zitarasohoza ubutumwa ubwo zihura n’agashya bita ” Prison In Sito” umuntu bakamufunga infunguzo bakajugunya ishyerezo bikazamenyekana kera kabaye; bikimenyekana imishyikirano yo kumurekura rwihishwa cyangwa kumugaragaro
igatangira.
Muli Dipolomasi kandi habamo imyumvire ihuriweho ishingiye ku mikorere n’imitekerereze ivuga ngo ” Inshuti n’abanzi bacu bagomba iteka kwemera no gusobanukirwa ibyo tubibwirira ubwacu atari ibyo bumvana abandi batuvuga”
Bishatse kuvuga ko Umudipolomate nyawe nubwo byagenda gute agomba kukubwira ingamba ze wazumva utazumva ntagomba gucogora kandi niyo wazana impaka ubwo murashyidika adategwa mu magambo ikindi adacika intege kandi akirinda guhungabana mu maso ye mu kazi ke kabone nubwo byagenda gute ntarakara imbonankubone.
Dipolomasi mu gukemura impaka mpuzamahanga no guhuza abatavuga rumwe
Ijambo “Arbitration” risobanura guhagarara hagati y’abakimbiranye ukararama hanyuma hagakurikiraho irindi rizwi kandi rigakoreshwa cyane nka “Mediation” nyuma yo guhagarara hagati yabo ariko uranabahuza bakaganira .
Gusa ibiganiro by’uhuza abakimbiranye harubwo biba baticaranye Umuhuza agahura numwe hanyuma akajya guhura nundi ukwe agahuza ibivuye mu mpande zombi mpaka igihe azashobora kubahuriza kumeza amwe arinabwo buryo Umuhuza mu kibazo cy’Abavandimwe b’Abarundi, Bwana Benjamin Mkapa arimo gukoresha i Arusha muri Tanzania .
Nyamara Arbitration yo iniharira undi mwihariko wo gukora nk’umuhesha w’inkiko mpuzamahanga ku manza zaciwe hagati y’igihugu iki cyangwa kiriya .
Ku bufatanye n’Urukiko rw’Ubutabera Mpuzamahanga ( International Court Of Justice ) I.C.J mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza Dipolomasi ihaserukana ishema n’isheja mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibyemezo byurwo rukiko ruba rwafashe kurubanza runaka rwaburanishije kandi abajejwe iby’imibano n’amahanga bagakomeza kwibutsa iyo ngingo mu nama baba bagomba guha buri ruhande rurebwa nicyo kibazo .
Zimwe muri izo manza cyangwa impaka za kera na vuba aha harimo nko :
-Ihoshwa ry’amakimbirane ashingiye ku mipaka hagati ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe na Canada , mu maserezerano yitiriwe “Hay-Herbert Treaty” .
-Congress of Vienna nk’ amasezerano yasonaburaga uko Abanyaburayi bagomba gutuzwa no guturana kw’amoko n’imipaka byabo , nyuma yo kuneshwa kwa Napoleon Bonaparte
-Ikibazo cy’Ibirwa bya Bakassi byarwanirwaga hagati ya Cameron na Nigeria tutibahiwe n’impaka za ngo turwane hagati ya Ethiopia na Eritrea kabone nubwo hari aho bitararangizwa neza ariko nk’ikibazo cyari Ku mipaka ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo n’u Rwanda yo yamaze kwerekanwa kandi dipolomasi ibigizemo uruhare.
Dipolomasi tuvuga niyo yatumye uwahoze ari Perezida Wa Amerika Jimmy Carter ahabwa Igihembo cy’Amahoro cyitiriwe Nobeli mu 1978 nyuma yo guhosha amakimbirane hagati ya Misiri ya Anuar El Sadate na Israel ya Menachem Begin .
Ibihugu kubana kimwe ari Leta yemewe ikindi kitemewe
Ubu buryo buzwi nabwo nka “Diplomatic Recognition” cyangwa Kwemerana kw’ibihugu bibiri mu buryo bwihariye.
Niho uzabona Leta Zunze Ubumwe zibana na Taiwan ariko Isi itemera Taiwan nka Leta nyamara uwo mubano ntabwo ushingira kuri za Ambasade kuko nk’inyungu za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zihagarariwe “American Institute in Taiwan” guhera mu 1970 aho ubushinwa butangarije intambara ku gihugu cyose kiziha kugirana umubano na Taiwan yabwiyomoyeho , Taiwan nayo ku bo yemera ikoresha icyo yita “Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office” kubayihagarariye mu mahanga bafitanye umubano .
Wari uzi ko nawe waba umudipolomate muburyo ubu cyangwa buriya ?
Diplomasi igira amoko menshi akurikira :
– Dipolomasi yo guhosha amakimbirane atarabyara intambara ( Preventive Diplomacy ) iyo yo nta byinshi tuyivugaho kuko ari nayo nshingano nyamukuru ya dipolomasi.
– Hakurikiraho na Dipolomasi yitiriwe iya rubanda ( Public Diplomacy ) uburyo bwo guca i Kibungo kugirango igihugu kigeze imigambi yacyo .
Ubu buryo bukoreshwa n’abantu benshi batanabizi kuko niho hazamo uruhare rw’imbugankoranyambaga nka Facebook na Twitter abubu bakabyita Facebook Diplomacy na Twitter Diplomacy.
Ni kenshi abantu baganirira ku mbugankoranyambaga twavuze haruguru bagatsura umubano abandi bagacyocyorana bikunze no kugaragara ku bayobozi bakuru b’ibihugu basubizanya ngingo runaka cyangwa ku bibazo bitandukanye .
Nyamara burya niyo abaturage b’igihugu Iki cyangwa kiriya bashyiditse ku mbuga nkorangambaga , burya nayo ngo ni dipolomasi kandi ikomeye ku rwego ruhanitse !
Soft Diplomacy nabwo ni uburyo bwihariye bukoreshwa n’abantu bagaragara nk’abadafite aho bahuriye na Politiki nk’abahanzi mu ma filime , indirimbo , amakinamico n’ibindi gusa ugasanga ibi ni amayeri y’icengezamatwara ry’imico itandukanye .
Ubu buryo bwifashishijwe cyane n’Abahinde n’Abanyamerika mu gusakaza imico karande yabo bayikwikwirakwiza ku isi muli filmi zagiye zibica bigacika zamamaye kw’isi .
Bikava mu ndirimbo bikagera mu myambarire yemwe n’imvugo zigakwira hamwe umuntu w’ahantu runaka asigara azi imihana y’ibunaka atarahakandagira.
Nugera mu madini n’amatorero uzasanga Imisigiti izwi nka Medina , imihana nka Kandahar cyangwa California kandi ari hafi aho !
Inzu z’imikino zitiriranwa n’Ibirangirire by’ibwotamasimbi n’ama stades y’i Burayi n’ahandi.
Ibyo bigaragaza uruhare rwa Soft Diplomacy mu kwamamaza ibihugu runaka kw’isi.
Ninde Se utazi amakorari yitirirwa Imirenge imwe yo muri Israel kandi ukaba wanabaza umuririmbyi wayo Uturere tugize igihugu cye akabanza kwiyumvira ?
Dipolomasi itaziguye ( informal diplomacy cyangwa Track II Diplomacy)
Ni uburyo bwifashisha incabwenge ziba zigenderanira hagati y’ibihugu nk’abarimu mpuzamahanga , Abaganga b’Inzobere , Abasitari bamamaye , Abasirikare bari mu zabukuru n’abandi bashobora gutanga umusanzu wabo mu kwimakaza ubucuti bw’ibihugu byabo n’amahanga .
-Dipolomasi igamije kuburizamo imidurumbanyo ( Counter-Insurgency Diplomacy )
Iyi ni inzira ikoreshwa n’abadipolomate baherekeza Ingabo z’Amahanga z’ibihugu byabo aho zitabaye kugirango bajye bafasha kwigisha abaturage bahasanze no kubabanisha na Leta; izo Ngabo ziba zigiyemo hiyongereyeho no kwiyegereza imitima y’abo.
Izo ngabo n’ubwo ziba zitabaye, zifata n’inshingano yo gufasha inzego za politiki n’abayobozi baba bateganijwe kuyobora ako gace nabo bagirwa inama zuko imiyoborere myiza imera kugirango ishyireho Amahoro azahinde kandi ashinge imizi .
Uru ruhande nirwo rwatumye Ingabo z’u Rwanda zituma u Rwanda ruba icyogere mu kubungabunga umutekano aho ziri hose kubera gufasha abo bahasanze mu bufasha baha rubanda bahasanga .
Nko muli Santarafurika ho batangiye kwita abana babo amazina y’Ikinyarwanda kubera akamaro Ingabo za RDF zihakora mu gihe usanga hari n’ababa basabirwa kwirukanwa ngo babavire ku butaka kubera ko baba batabashije kubaka yo izina ryiza.
Dipolomasi ya Gunboat ( Vuga nkumene )
Iyi ni dipolomasi ya gisirikare yo kwerekana aho igihugu gihagaze mu by’ibitwaro byacyo na gisirikare!
Ubu buryo bukoreshwa nko gutanga gasopo ku washaka kukigerereza ko yahita ahura n’urwo gusenya.
Igihugu kandi gishobora gutegura imyitozo ya gisirikare ihambaye , ku butaka , mu kirere no mu mazi hamwe no kurasa ibitwaro bikaze kandi kikabikorera ku mupaka w’ikindi gishaka guha gasopo .
Gusa hajya habaho ikibazo iyo kimwe gisohoye ibitwaro n’Abasirikare nikindi kiti sinatangwa nkuko byagendekeye Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Koreya ya ruguru mu kiswe “Pueblo Incident” byarangiye bitarwanye ariko Koreya ya Ruguru ikavuga ko yanesheje Leta Zunze ubumwe za Amerika ngo kuki itibeshye ngo irwane igahama mu myitozo gusa !
Dipolomasi igenga ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi ( Nuclear Diplomacy )
Dusozereze kuri ubu bwoko bwa dipolomasi bwitwararika bubuza ko ibihugu bidafite ubushobozi bwo gukora intwaro kirimbuzi byazigeraho.
Nibwo buryo bwonyine bwahosheje intambara yari kurota hagati ya Israel na Iran nyamara Ibihugu by’ibihangange Ku isi nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika , Uburusiya , Ubudagi , Ubwongereza , Loni n’Umuryango w’Uburayi byasozaga amaserano yemeza ko Iran ihagarika gutunganya ubutare bwa Uranium ku kigero kibujijwe .
Dipolomasi rero yatumye amaserano yasinywe i Lausanne kuwa 14/07/2015 ishobora kwigaragaza nka zimwe mu mbaraga ntayegayezwa zatumye umuriro uhosha mu Karere k’Uburasizuba kose mu Ntambara yari kuba mbi kuruta izabayeho zose .
Mu nkuru zitaha tuzabagezaho abadipolomate bagiye bamamara ku isi .
Tuzanarebera hamwe n’ibigo bikomeye byanditse amazina mu gukinirwaho uyu mukino mwiza ukinwa nabantu benshi ariko ukamenywa na bake .
Ahari dipolomasi Ikora neza Amahoro arahinda amajyambare agasagamba .
Kanda hano ujye ubona amakuru yihuse kandi kugihe kuri Facebook no kuri twitter
Eugene David/Bwiza.com
