Ronald Reagan, wabaye umunyamakuru, umukinnyi wa filimi, nyuma akaba Perezida wa 40 wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika afatwa nk’umuntu wagize uruhare runini mu isenyuka rya Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete ndetse no kurangiza Intambara y’Ubutita mu mahoro.
Reagan yavutse ku itariki 6 Gashyantare 1911, avukira i Tampico, muri Leta ya Illinois. Yabanje gukora mu itangazamakuru mbere yo kuba umikinnyi wa filimi, yimukira Hollywood mu 1937 ndetse akina muri filimi zigera kuri 50.
Ababyeyi ba Ronald Reagan
Nk’uko tubikesha Reaganlibrary.gov, John Edward “Jack” Reagan na Nelle Clyde Wilson nibo babyaye Ronald Reagan. Jack yavukiye i Fulton, muri Illinois ku ya 13 Nyakanga 1883, akurira muri Kiliziya Gatolika. Nelle yavukiye i Fulton, muri Leta ya Illinois ku ya 24 Nyakanga 1883. Bombi bashakanye mu Gushyingo 1904. Jack yakoraga akazi ko kugurisha mu buzima bwe bwose, kandi yari yarabaswe n’ubusinzi. Nelle yari umunyedini cyane, kandi yakoraga mu bigishwa b’Itorero rya Kristo.
Babyaranye abahungu babiri, Neil (16 Nzeri 1908) na Ronald.
Umuryango wari ukennye, ariko Ronald amaze kwigaragaza nk’umukinnyi wa filimi, yashoboye kwimurira uyu muryango muri California no kubagurira inzu. Jack yapfuye ku ya 18 Gicurasi 1941 azize indwara y’umutima. Nelle yapfuye ku ya 25 Nyakanga 1962 azize ibibazo by’indwara ya Alzheimer.
Abana yabyaye
Ronald Reagan yabyaye abana barimo Maureen Elizabeth Reagan, yabyaranye na Jane Wyman, wavukiye Los Angeles ku itariki 04 Mutarama 1941, Micheal Edward Reagan, wavutse ku itariki 18 Werurwe 1945 abyawe na Irene Flaugher, mbere yo kugirwa umwana w’umuryango (adopted) wa Reagan na Jane Wyman, hakaba Christine Reagan, wavutse, ukwezi kumwe mbere y’igihe cyari giteganyijwe, kuwa 26 Kamena 1947, abyawe na Reagan na Jane Wyman akamara amasaha macye ku Isi.
Aba biyongeraho abandi bana yabyaranye n’abandi bagore batandukanye nka Patricia Ann Reagan (Patti Davis) wavutse ku itariki 21 Ukwakira 1952 abyawe na Reagan na Nancy Davis Reagan (nawe wari umukinnyi wa filimi), kongeraho Ronald Prescott Reagan, wavutse ku itariki 20 Gicurasi 1958 abyawe na Reagan na Nancy Reagan.
Reagan yabaye mu Gisirikare cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi kuva mu 1942 kugeza mu 1945, ariko kubera ko yari afite ikibazo cyo kutareba neza, ntiyemerewe kujya ku rugamba.
Nk’umunyamakuru
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi muri Eureka mu 1932, Reagan yabanje kuba umunyamakuru muri Iowa ku maradiyo atandukanye. Yimukiye kuri radio WHO muri Des Moines nk’umunyamakuru w’imikino ya baseball ya Chicago Cubs.
Igihe Reagan yagendanaga na Cubs muri California mu 1937, nibwo yakoze ikizamini cyo gukina filimi ahabwa amasezerano y’imyaka irindwi yagiranye na studio ya Warner Bros. Mu myaka ya mbere y’umwuga we muri Hollywood yakoraga mu gice cya “B film” (filimi zari zifite ingengo y’imari yo hasi).
Nk’umukinnyi wa filimi
Umwuga we wo gukina filimi yarawukomeje nyuma y’intambara. Yamenyekanye cyane nk’umuntu urwanya communism ndetse akajya yibasira ku mugaragaro abakinnyi ba filimi bagenzi be yashinjaga kugirana isano n’abakomunisiti cyangwa kubashyigikira nk’uko tubikesha BBC History.
Ronald Reagan yakinnye muri filimi nyinshi zaba izirangira ndetse n’iz’urukurikirane (Series) kuva mu 1937 kugeza mu 1965. Twavugamo nka “Love is on the Air’ yo mu 1937, “Sergeant Murphy” na “Cowboy from Brooklyn” zo mu 1938, “The Bad Man” yo mu 1941, kugeza mu zanyuma nka saison yitwa “Shadow of a Hero” yo mu 1962 na “Death Valley Days: A City is Born” yo mu 1965.
Muri politiki
Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya za 60 yiyegereje ishyaka ry’Abarepubulikani, maze mu 1966 atsinda amatora ya Guverineri wa California, yongera gutorwa mu 1970. Mu 1980, yatorewe kuba Perezida ayobora manda ebyiri z’imyaka ine ine.
Gusimbuka urupfu
Ku ya 30 Werurwe 1981, Reagan, umunyamabanga we wari ushinzwe itangazamakuru James Brady, umuyobozi wa polisi muri Washington, Thomas Delahanty, n’ushinzwe kumurinda witwa Tim McCarthy barashwe amasasu n’uwashakaga kumwica witwa John Hinckley Jr. imbere ya Hotel ya Hilton I Washington.
Nubwo yari “hafi y’urupfu” agera mu bitaro bya Kaminuza ya George Washington, Reagan yarazanzamuwe baramubaga arakira asezererwa mu bitaro ku itariki 11 Mata, aba Perezida wa mbere wa Amerika wari mu kazi wabashije kurokoka isasu bashaka kumwivugana. Uku kugerageza kumwica ariko Kwagize uruhare runini mu bwamamare bwa Reagan. Reagan yizeraga ko Imana yarokoye ubuzima bwe kugira ngo akomeze gusohoza umugambi wo hejuru.
Reagan yayoboye igihe ubukungu bw’Isi bwari burimo burazamuka cyane mu myaka ya za 80 ndetse no mu gihe cy’intangiriro y’isenyuka rya Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete (URSS).
Mu mwaka we wa nyuma ku buyobozi ariko, Reagan yakoreye uruzinduko I Moscow agirana ibiganiro na Mikhail Gorbachev, Perezida wa Nyuma wa Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete.
Abashyigikiye Reagan bavuga ko amagambo yakoreshaga arwanya Abasoviyete kandi no kongera amafaranga yagendaga ku gisirikare ari kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi byatumye Intambara y’ubutita irangira, kubera ko byatumye Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete zemera ko zidashobora guhangana n’aba capitalistes bayobowe na Amerika mu burengerazuba.
Ku rundi ruhande, Wikipedia ivuga ko mu rugamba rwo kurwanya abakomunisiti, Reagan yohereje ishami ryihariye rya CIA muri Afghanistan na Pakistan. Bagize uruhare runini mu gutoza, guha ibikoresho no kuyobora abarwanyi b’aba Mujahideen mu kurwanya ingabo z’Abasoviyeti. Gahunda ya “Covert Action” ya Perezida Reagan ivugwaho kugira uruhare runini mu kwirukana Abasoviyete muri Afghanistan, nubwo zimwe mu ntwaro zatanzwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika muri urwo rugamba zaje no gukoreshwa ku ngabo za Amerika mu ntambara yo muri Afghanistan mu 2001.
Muri Werurwe 1983, Reagan yatangije “Strategic Defence Initiative”, umushinga wo w’ubwirinzi wakoreshaga sisitemu yo ku butaka no mu kirere kugira ngo urinde Amerika ibitero bya misile za kirimbuzi. Reagan yizeraga ko ubu bwirinzi bwari gutuma intambara ya kirimbuzi idashoboka. Hariho abantu benshi batizeraga uyu mushinga mu buryo bwa siyansi bituma abatavuga rumwe na leta bafata SDI nka “Star Wars”.
Abasoviyete ariko bahangayikishijwe n’ingaruka SDI ishobora kugira; bituma umuyobozi wabwo, Yuri Andropov avuga ko izashyira “isi yose mu kaga”. Kubera izo mpamvu, David Gergen wahoze ari umufasha wa Perezida Reagan, yizera ko iyo usubije amaso inyuma, SDI yihutishije iherezo ry’Intambara y’Ubutita.
Nubwo Reagan yakomeje kuba perezida ukunzwe n’abaturage, ntiyabashije kongera kwigarurira byimazeyo benshi mu bari bamushyigikiye nyuma y’amahano ya politiki yiswe “Iran-contra” mu 1986. Icyo gihe haje kumenyekana ko abayobozi bakuru mu nzego z’ubutegetsi borohereje rwihishwa kugurisha intwaro guverinoma ya Khomeini yo muri Repubulika ya Kisilamu ya Irani, icyo gihe yari yarafatiwe ibihano byo kutagurishwa intwaro.
Ubuyobozi bwari bwizeye gukoresha amafaranga yavuye mu kugurisha izo ntwaro mu gutera inkunga inyeshyamba zo muri Nicaragua zarwanyaga ubukomunisiti nabwo binyuranyije n’itegeko rya kongere.
Reagan ariko ngo yari yemeye gusubukura kugurisha intwaro Iran kugirango nayo ifungure imbohe z’abanyaburayi zari zarafashwe n’udutsiko tw’iterabwoba twari dushyigikiwe na Iran muri Liban.
Nubwo hatemejwe ko Reagan yagize uruhare muri ibi bikorwa mu buryo butaziguye, yanenzwe kuba ataramenye ibyo abari munsi ye bakoraga byangiza izina rye.
Mu 1989, Reagan yavuye ku butegetsi asimburwa na George Bush Sr wari visi perezida we, yagize n’uruhare mu kwamamaza. Mu 1994, Reagan yaje guhishura ko arwaye indwara yangiza imikorere y’ubwonko izwi nka “Alzheimer” ari nayo yaje kumuhitana ku itariki 05 Kamena 2004.
Umurage yasize
Kuva yava ku butegetsi mu 1989, hagiye haba ibiganiro bitandukanye mu banyeshuri, abanyamateka no muri rubanda rusanzwe ku murage we. Abamushyigikiye berekanye ko ubukungu bwifashe neza kandi butera imbere bitewe na politiki y’ubukungu ya Reagan, intsinzi ya politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga harimo no guhagarika mu mahoro Intambara y’Ubutita, no kugarura ishema n’imyitwarire y’Abanyamerika.
Abamushyigikiye bavuga ko yakundaga Amerika bidasubirwaho kandi ashishikaye bikagira uruhare mu kugarura icyizere mu Nzozi z’Abanyamerika (American Dreams), cyari cyaragabanyutse ku buyobozi bwa Jimmy Carter bwagaragaraga nk’ubudakomeye, cyane cyane mu gihe Abanyeshuri b’Abanya-Iran bitwaraga gisirikare bafataga bugwate abadipolomate b’Abanyamerika n’abaturage basanzwe bagera kuri 52, kimwe n’imyumvire ye ku hazaza ha Amerika yagaragaje mu matora yo mu 1980.
Abamunenga ariko berekanaga ko politike y’ubukungu ya Reagan yatumye igihombo mu ngengo y’imari cyiyongera, icyuho kinini mu butunzi, ndetse n’ubwiyongere bw’abatagira aho baba, ndetse ikibazo cya Irani-Contra kigabanya icyizere Abanyamerika bari bamufitiye.
Nyuma y’imyaka ibiri avuye ku butegetsi, mu 1991, nibwo Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete zasenyutse burundu ibihugu byari bizigize nka Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia bitangira kwiyobora ku giti cyabyo.
