Intambara yo mu 1812 yarwanwe na Amerika hamwe n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo barwanya u Bwongereza n’abafatanyabikorwa babwo muri Amerika ya Ruguru. Yatangiye igihe Amerika yatangizaga intambara ku Bwongereza ku itariki ya 18 Kamena 1812. Nubwo amasezerano y’amahoro yemeranijweho mu Kuboza 1814, intambara ntiyarangiye ku mugaragaro kugeza igihe amasezerano y’amahoro yemezwaga na Kongere ya Amerika ku itariki ya 17 Gashyantare 1815.
Amakimbirane y’Abongereza n’Abanyamerika yaturutse ku bwumvikane bucye bwari bumaze igihe kinini bushingiye ku kwagura ubutaka muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru ndetse no gushyigikira kw’Abongereza ihuriro rya Tecumseh ry’abasangwabutaka bo muri Amerika ryarwanyaga ubukoloni bwa Amerika mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba. Ibyo byafashe intera mu 1807 nyuma y’uko Igisirikare cyo mu mazi cy’u Bwongereza gitangiye gushyiraho amategeko akomeye ku bucuruzi hagati y’Abanyamerika n’u Bufaransa kandi bigashimisha abasare bahoze ari ari abaja b’Abongereza, ndetse n’abari babonye ubwenegihugu bw’Amerika.
Muri Amerika ntibumvaga kimwe uburyo bwo gusubiza, kandi nubwo abantu benshi mu Nteko na Sena batoye intambara, batandukaniye mu mashyaka akomeye, aho Abademokarate n’Abarepubulikani bashyigikiye intamba ariko ishyaka ry’Aba-Federalists barayanga. Amakuru y’ubwumvikane bw’Abongereza bwakozwe mu rwego rwo kwirinda intambara ntibwageze muri Amerika kugeza mu mpera za Nyakanga, kandi icyo gihe amakimbirane yari yatangiye.
Mu nyanja, Igisirikare cyo mu mazi cy’u Bwongereza cyashyizeho ingamba zikomeye zo guhagarika ubucuruzi bwo mu mazi bwa Amerika, mu gihe hagati ya 1812 na 1814 Abongereza basanzwe n’abasirikare b’abakoloni batsinze ibitero byinshi by’Abanyamerika mu Ntara ya Upper Canada (Toronto y’uyu munsi). Kuva ku bwami kwa Napoleon muri Mata 1814 kwatumye Abongereza bohereza izindi ngabo muri Amerika ya Ruguru ndetse Igisirikare cyo mu mazi gikaza ingamba zo kubangamira ubukungu bwa Amerika.
Muri Kanama 1814, imishyikirano yatangiriye i Ghent, impande zombi zishaka amahoro; ubukungu bw’u Bwongereza bwari bwaragizweho ingaruka zikomeye na embargo y’ubucuruzi, mu gihe aba federaliste bateraniye muri Hartford mu Kuboza kugira ngo bemeze ko barwanya intambara.
Muri Kanama 1814, Ingabo z’Abongereza zafashe Washington, mbere y’intsinzi z’Abanyamerika i Baltimore na Plattsburgh muri Nzeri zarangije urugamba rwo mu majyaruguru.
Mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Amerika, ingabo z’Abanyamerika n’abafatanyabikorwa b’Abahinde (bo muri Amerika) batsinze umutwe w’abasangwabutaka bandi barwanya Abanyamerika bo muri Muscogee. Mu ntangiriro za 1815, ingabo z’Abanyamerika zasubije inyuma igitero gikomeye cy’Abongereza kuri New Orleans, cyabaye mu gihe cyo kwemeza inzira yo gushyira umukono ku masezerano ya Ghent, yarangije ayo makimbirane.
Inkomoko y’intambara yo mu 1812
Kuva Intambara yo mu 1812 yarangira, abahanga mu by’amateka bagiye bajya impaka nyinshi ku mpamvu nyinshi zaba zarateye iyi ntambara.
Mu kinyejana cya 19, muri rusange abahanga mu by’amateka banzuye bavuga ko intambara yatangijwe ahanini ku cyubahiro cy’igihugu, uburenganzira bwo mu nyanja butabogamye ndetse no gufata amato kw’Abongereza y’abadafite aho babogamiye n’imizigo yabo mu nyanja. Iyi nsanganyamatsiko yari ishingiro ry’ubutumwa bw’intambara bwa Perezida James Madison yagejeje kuri Kongere ku itariki ya 1 Kamena 1812.
Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20, benshi mu bahanga b’iki gihe bongeye gusuzuma ibyo bisobanuro maze batangira kwibanda cyane ku bindi bintu bitari ibibazo byo mu nyanja byaba nabyo byarabaye imbarutso. Icyakora, umuhanga mu by’amateka Warren H. Goodman aburira ko kwibanda cyane kuri ibyo bitekerezo bishobora nabyo kuyobya.
Mu kutemeranya n’ibi bisobanuro byibanze gusa ku kwagura ubutaka no kugabanya impamvu z’amazi, abahanga mu by’amateka birengagije ubwoba bw’Abanyamerika bwatewe n’umutekano w’igihugu, inzozi z’umugabane ugenzurwa byuzuye na Repubulika ya Amerika, ndetse n’ibimenyetso byerekana ko Abanyamerika benshi bizeraga ko Intambara ya 1812 yaba umwanya mwiza wo kugirango Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zagera ku nzozi zari zimaranye igihe zo kwiyomekaho Canada.
Umuhanga mu by’amateka Richard Maass avuga ko insanganyamatsiko yo kwaguka ari umugani unyuranya n’ubwumvikane buke hagati y’impuguke ko intego nyamukuru y’Abanyamerika kwari ugukuraho imipaka y’amazi y’u Bwongereza “. Avuga ko intiti zemeranya ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zagiye ku rugamba “kubera ko imyaka itandatu y’ibihano by’ubukungu itashoboye kuzana u Bwongereza ku meza y’imishyikirano, kandi ko guhungabanya ibirindiro by’Igisirikare cyo mu mazi cy’u Bwongereza muri Canada ari byo byari ibyiringiro byabo bya nyuma”.
Icyakora, abandi bahanga mu by’amateka bemeza ko icyifuzo cyo kwigarurira burundu Canada ari cyo nyirabayazana y’intambara. Carl Benn avuga ko icyifuzo cyo kwigarurira Canada cyasaga n’icyo gushaka kwigarurira Spanish Florida kw’abatuye mu majyepfo ya Amerika, kubera ko byombi byari byitezweho korohereza kwagukira mu bihugu byifuzwaga kandi bikarangiza inkunga z’abasangwabutaka ( Ihuriro rya Tecumseh mu majyaruguru na Creek mu majyepfo).
Alan Taylor avuga ko abadepite benshi b’Abademokarate n’Abarepubulikani nka John Adams Harper, Richard Mentor Johnson na Peter Buell Porter “bifuzaga kwirukana Abongereza ku mugabane no kwigarurira Canada”. Abanyamajyepfo bake barwanyije ibi, batinya ubusumbane hagati ya leta zigenga n’izari zishyigikiye ubucakara mu gihe Canada yaba yometswe kuri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Kurwanya ubugatolika kandi byatumye benshi barwanya kwigarurira amajyepfo ya Canada yari yuzuyemo Abagatolika, bemeza ko abaturage baho bavuga Igifaransa badakwiriye “ubwenegihugu bwa repubulika”.
Ifatwa rya Washington no gutwika Capitol
Gutwikwa kwa Washington, bizwi kandi ku ifatwa rya Washington, ni igitero cyateguwe neza n’u Bwongereza cyakozwe na Rear-Admiral George Cockburn mu gihe cya kampanye y’Igisirikare cy’u Bwongereza muri Chesapeake yari iyobowe na Admiral Sir John Warren. Ni yo bnshuro yonyine kuva Intambara y’impinduramatwara y’Abanyamerika yaba, igihugu cy’amahanga cyafashe kandi kigarurira umurwa mukuru wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Nyuma yo gutsindwa kw’ingabo z’Abanyamerika mu rugamba rwa Bladensburg ku itariki ya 24 Kanama 1814, ingabo z’Abongereza zari ziyobowe na Major-General Robert Ross zerekeje i Washington, D.C. Kuri uwo mugoroba, abasirikare n’abasare b’Abongereza batwitse inyubako za leta; harimo Inzu ya Perezida, Ingoro y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (Capitol), na Washington Navy Yard (ni ikigo cy’imihango n’ubuyobozi cy’ingabo za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zirwanira mu mazi, giherereye i Washington, D.C.).
Iki gitero cyari mu rwego rwo kwihimura ku bikorwa by’Abanyamerika byari byabanje muri Upper Canada yagenzurwaga n’Abongereza, aho Ingabo za Amerika zatwitse kandi zigasahura York, umwaka wabanje, hanyuma zitwika igice kinini cy’Icyambu cya Dover. Mu minsi itagera kuri ine igitero gitangiye, imvura ikaze irimo inkuba ndetse na serwakira, byazimije umuriro ariko birushaho gusenya. Igikorwa cy’Abongereza cyo kwigarurira Washington, D.C. cyamaze amasaha agera kuri 26.
Perezida James Madison, hamwe n’ubuyobozi bwe ndetse n’abayobozi benshi b’ingabo, barimuwe maze babasha kubona ubuhungiro muri iryo joro i Brookeville, umujyi muto wo mu ntara ya Montgomery, muri Maryland; Perezida Madison yaraye mu nzu ya Caleb Bentley, wabaga kandi akora i Brookeville. Inzu ya Bentley, uyu munsi izwi ku izina rya Madison House, iracyahari.
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Umunsi rukumbi umurwa mukuru wa Amerika ufatwa n’ingabo z’amahanga Capitol igatwikwa
Inkuru nkizi nta kintu gifatika zifasha abazisoma b’abanyafurika by’umwihariko Abanyarwanda.