Neretse: Ifoto y’Urukiko rwa rubanda rutegerejweho ubutabera

Urubanza rw’umunyarwanda Neretse Fabiani, ukurikiranyweho icyaha cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994, rugeze mu cyumweru cya gatatu ruburanishwa n’Urukiko rwa rubanda -Cour d’assises- rw’i Buruseli, mu gihugu cy’u Bubiligi. Benshi bibaza iby’urwo rukiko ruhuriwemo n’abacamanza n’abaturage basanzwe. Ruteye rute? Rukora rute ? Rufite ubuhe bubasha ? Rutanga ikihe cyizere cy’ubutabera ku regwa n’abahohotewe ?

Mu cyumba cy’iburanisha, wagira ngo n’imvange y’iterambere na gakondo by’imikemurire y’ibibazo bya rubanda. Ariko n’ubundi bisa n’ukuri. Inteko y’abacamanza 3, iyobowe na Perezida wayo madamu Sophie Leclerq mu ikanzu ye nziza y’umutuku w’indubaruba, mu gihe abamwungirije 2 bambaye ikanzu y’umukara n’umweru. Imbere gato h’iyi nteko, ku ruhande rw’iburyo, hari inteko y’inyangamugayo 12 hamwe n’abasimbura babo, bose bambaye imyambaro isanzwe. Imbere ku ruhande rw’ibumoso, ni umwanya w’ababuranyi bose bamenyerewe mu rukiko. Uhereye ku rwego rw’Ubushinjacyaha, hagakurikiraho urwego rw’abunganira uregwa. Inyuma y’izi nzego zombi, ahakabaye hagati yazo, uregwa aba yibereye mu kazu k’ibirahure. Ni mu gihe abaregera indishyi n’ababunganiye bicaye hepfo y’abunganira abaregwa. Indorerezi mu rubanza zo zicaye zirebana neza n’inteko y’abacamanza. Imbere y’iyi nteko, hari umwanya uhagararamo ababuranyi, uregwa n’abatangabuhamya, mu gihe cyo gushinja cyangwa gushinjura, cyo kwiregura cyangwa gutanga ubuhamya.

Mu gihe, nko mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa ho, abacamanza nka bariya baba bicaranye n’inyangamugayo, ubudasa bw’uru Rukiko rwa rubanda mu gihugu cy’u Bubiligi ntibugaragarira mu myicarire ya ziriya nzego zombi gusa. Bushingiye ahanini no ku mikorere n’inshingano zitandukanye kandi zihariye zihabwa iriya Nteko y’inyangamugayo 12. Muri rusange, uru Rukiko rwa rubanda ruteye rute, rukora rute? Ese uruhare rwa ziriya nyangamugayo ni uruhe mu gutanga ubutabera ?

Imiterere n’imikorere by’Urukiko rwa rubanda

Nyuma y’uko ibyaha biteganywa n’Amasezerano ya Geneva bwinjijwe mu bubasha bw’ubutabera bw’igihugu cy’Ububiligi, nyuma y’uko umucamanza ahaye inyito y’icyaha cya jenoside ibyaha Neretse Fabiyani akurikiranyweho, ni bwo bwa mbere mu butabera bw’iki gihugu, by’umwihariko mu Urukiko rwa rubanda haburanishijwe icyaha cya jenoside. Ni ukuvuga ko, ku bubasha uru rukiko rwari rusanganywe ku byaha bikomeye nk’ubwicanyi, ubuhotozi, ubwinjiracyaha ku cyaha cy’ubuhotozi, gufata abantu bugwate, ibyaha bya politiki n’iby’itangazamakuru, ubu hiyongereyeho ibyaha by’intambara, icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.

Yungirijwe n’abacamanza 2 b’umwuga, batoranyijwe mu rukiko rw’iremezo, Perezida w’inteko Sophie Leclerq, usanzwe ari umucamanza mu rukiko rw’ubujurire rwa Buruseli, ashinzwe kuyobora iburanisha ryose ry’uru rubanza rwa Neretse, no kubahiriza umutekano n’umudendezo mu cyumba cy’iburanisha. Afite kandi uburenganzira busesuye bwo gufata icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyatuma ukuri gushobora kumenyekana, nko gutumiza umutangabuhamya wese waba ngombwa ngo ukuri kugaragare.

Nubwo aba bacamanza ari bo babazwa imigendekere myiza y’urubanza, imyanzuro ikomeye yarwo iri ku mu mutwe wa ziriya nyangamugayo 12 zatoranyijwe taliki ya 4 Ugushyingo. Kuba bafite hagati y’imyaka 28 na 65 y’ubukure, kuba bari ku rutonde rw’abaturage bemerewe gutora kandi batuye mu ifasi y’urwo rukiko, kuba batarigeze bakatirwa igifungo kirengeje amezi 6, kuba bazi gusoma no kwandika, birahagije kugira ngo ejo hazaza ha Neretse hashyirwe mu biganza byabo. Igikorwa cya mbere cyakorewe muri uru rukiko, cyabaye, nk’uko bisanzwe bigenda, icyo kubahitamo mu rutonde rw’abaturage benshi bahamagajwe, hakoreshejwe kwemera cyangwa kwanga inzitizi kuri buri wese ndetse na tombola. Kugeza habonetse ziriya nyangamugayo 12 n’abasimbura babo.

Nyuma y’uko umushinjacyaha Arnauld d’Oultremont yasobanuye ibyaha byose bushinja Neretse, nk’uko biteganyijwe mu miburanishirize isanzwe, wabaye umwanya wa Perezida w’urukiko wo guhata ibibazo uregwa ku mwirondoro we no ku byaha byose akekwaho.

Muri uru rukiko kandi hari abahohotewe batatu baregera indishyi. Hari umuvandimwe wa nyakwigendera Claire Berckers, Martine Beckers, wunganiwe na ba Me Michele Hirsch, Eric Gillet na Morgan Bonneure. Hari kandi bwana Jacques Rwigenza na Godelieve Mpendwanzi, bunganiwe na ba Me Maryse Alié na Agathe De Brouwer. Uwa gatatu ni bwana Udahemuka Eugène, uba mu Rwanda, wunganiwe na ba Me André Martin Karongozi na Adil Elmalki.

Kuri bo urukiko rufite akazi ko gucira urubanza « umuntu w’umwicanyi, wagize uruhare muri gahunda mbisha ya jenoside, […] agahita yihishahisha agamije gucika ubutabera. Yaribeshye, ntiyamenye ko isi yafashe gahunda yo kugota abagome ».

Nk’uko bimeze no mu nkiko zisanzwe, hari urwego rw’Abunganizi ba Neretse, barimo Me Jean Flamme, na bo nk’uko bisanzwe binjiranye mu rubanza inzitizi. Kuba ubushinjacyaha bwaritiranyije Neretse Fabiani na Neretse Emmanuel ngo wigeze kuba umusirikare, birumvikana ko bakurikiranye inzirakarengane. Bityo rero urukiko rukwiye « kurekura Neretse Fabiani nta yandi mananiza ». Ikindi ni uko banasabye kongera urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya. Ibi byose urukiko rwabiteye utwatsi!

Izi ni zo nzego zifite uruhare rutaziguye muri uru rubanza rwa Neretse, kugeza ku musozo warwo uteganyijwe mbere y’iminsi mikuru ya Noheli n’Ubunani. Ni na ko zikurikirana mu guhererekanya amagambo igihe cyose hari ikintu gishya kibajijwe uregwa, mu kubaza no gushimuza abatangabuhamya. Ni na ko bizagenda igihe cy’imyanzuro ya nyuma, aho uregwa azahabwa ijambo rya nyuma abazwa « hari icyo wongera ku rubanza rwawe ? »

Ububasha bwa“Gacaca” mbiligi!

Umuntu utavuzwe kugeza ubu ni umwanditsi w’urukiko. Aho yicaye, hagati y’inteko y’abacamanza n’iy’inyangamugayo, umwanditsi w’urukiko ashinzwe gukurikira no kwandika ibyifuzo byose bitanzwe mu rukiko n’imyanzuro ibifatiwe, utubazo twose tugaragaye mu rukiko kimwe n’indi mihango itandukanye. Kubera ko biteganyijwe ko iburanisha rikorwa mu magambo gusa, ntakora inyandikomvugo y’impaka zose n’isubiranya byabaye mu rukiko. Uwo ni umwihariko w’iyi « gacaca » y’Ababiligi, idatandukanye cyane n’imiburanishirize mu nkiko gacaca zo mu Rwanda.

Uyu mwanditsi yita kandi ku rutonde rw’abatangabuhamya n’ingingo nyamukuru zagaragaye mu buhamya bwabo. Abo barimo, abamaze kumvwa kugeza ubu, nk’abacamanza basuzumye bakanaha ikirego umurongo (juges d’instruction), abagenzacyaha, abahanga mu mitekerereze ya muntu (experts psychiatres). Ubu gahunda igeze ku batangabuhamya babihagazeho, abahohotewe, abavandimwe n’imiryango y’abahohotewe n’ab’uregwa. Aba bose, yaba Perezida, abamwungirije, inteko y’inyangamugayo, umushinjacyaha, abunganizi mu by’amategekom kimwe n’uregwa ubwe, bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kubahata ibibazo. Uruhande rw’abarega kimwe n’urw’uregwa rugomba gukurura rwiyegereza, rumwe rugaragaza ko uregwa ahamwa n’icyaha urundi ko ari umwere. Ni na ko bizagenda nibagera mu myanzuro ya nyuma, aho ku buryo butomoye, umushinjacyaha azasabira igihano uregwa, abandi basaba ko bitangazwa ko ari umwere.

Nyuma y’izo mpaka ku buryozwacyaha bw’uregwa, amagambo azaba « ahariwe Nankana ». Nankana cyangwa Kamara ni iriya nteko y’inyangamugayo 12. Uregwa yaba yaragize uruhare mu byo aregwa ? Yaba se yarashotowe ? Yaba yarabikoze abigambiriye ?…Icyo gihe Perezida w’urukiko azaha inteko y’inyangamugayo ibibazo nk’ibi, maze buri wese asubize mu ibanga na Yego cyangwa Oya ! Ibi bazabikora biherereye ubwabo, nta wubahagaze hejuru, habe na Perezida w’Urukiko. Nyuma y’izi mpaka zishobora kuzamara amasaha n’amasaha cyangwa se iminsi, inyangamugayo zizagaruka mu cyumba cy’iburanisha, maze hatangazwe ibyavuyemo.

Yego niziba 6 kur Oya 6, uregwa azaba abyungukiyemo kuko azahita aba umwere. Mu gihe, ubwiganze bw’amajwi buzahabwa Yego, bizaba byemejwe ko uregwa ahamwa n’icyaha. Icyo gihe inteko yose iburanisha, ni ukuvuga abacamanza hamwe n’inyangamugayo, izajya kwiherera, maze igene igihano uregwa agomba guhabwa. Umwihariko ukomeye w’iyi gacaca mbiligi ni uko icyemezo cy’uru rukiko kitajuririrwa. Cyokora Urukiko rusesa imanza rushobora gusuzuma gusa niba imiburanishirize (procedure) yarubahirije amategeko.

Neretse Fabiani, umusaza w’imyaka 71 ukomoka ahahoze ari perefegitura Ruhengeri, ashinjwa ubwicanyi bwahitanye abantu bagera kuri 13 i Nyamirambo mu mujyi wa Kigali, n’abandi batazwi umubare biciwe i Mataba aho avuka, mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. Nyuma y’impaka zizamara ukwezi n’igice, hakumvwa abatangabuhamya bagera ku 120, uru rukiko ruzakiranura rute uregwa n’abahohotewe ?

Sehene Ruvugiro