Umucanshuro w’Umufaransa Gilbert Bougeaud wamenyekanye nka Robert Denard cyangwa Bob Denard, ni umwe mu bacanshuro babayeho mu kinyajana cya 20 n’intangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 21 batazibagirana mu mateka ya politiki ya Afurika by’umwihariko y’u Bufaransa na Afrika, aho yagize uruhare mu ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi butandukanye akaba yaranaciye mu madini atandukanye agamije kugera ku ntego ze.
Gilbert Bourgeaud wamamaye nka Robert Denard yavutse muri Mata 1929 apfa ku itariki ya 13 Ukwakira 2007, akaba yarabaye umusirikare w’u Bufaransa, umusirikare urwanira ubutunzi (Soldier of fortune) ndetse n’umucanshuro. Yagiye akoresha amazina atandukanye nk’izina rye bwite, Gilbert Bourgeaud ndetse na Saïd Mustapha Mhadjou.
Azwiho kuba yaragiye akora imirimo itandukanye yari igamije gushyigikira politiki y’u Bufaransa muri Afurika izwi nka “Françafrique” kubwa Jacques Focart, wari umuhuzabikorwa wa politiki ya Perezida Charles de Gaulle muri Afurika.
Hari n’amakuru yigeze kugaragara kuri TV5 Monde ivuga ko iyakesha ishyirahamwe Survie avuga ko Bob Denard yaba yarageze no mu Rwanda mu 1994 akorera Guverinoma yakoraga jenoside.
Yabaye mu gisirikare cyo mu mazi cy’u Bufaransa, arwana mu Ntambara yo muri Algeria, agira uruhare mu ntambara yari igamije komora Intara ya Katanga kuri Repubulika ya Demokarasi ya Congo muri za 60, ndetse akorera mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika birimo Congo-Brazza, Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe y’ubu), na Gabon nk’uko tubikesha military-history.fandom.com.
Hagati y’1975 n’1995, yagize uruhare mu igeragezwa ry’ihirika ry’ubutegetsi inshuro enye mu Birwa bya Comores. Benshi bizeye ko ibikorwa bye byabaga byihishwe inyuma na Leta y’u Bufaransa ndetse no mu 1981 Francois Mitterand agiye ku butegetsi yakoreshejwe cyane muri politiki y’u Bufaransa muri Afurika.
Yavutse nk’Umukirisitu muri Kiliziya Gaturika, ariko aza guhindura ajya mu idini ry’Abayahudi, ndetse iri naryo arivamo ajya muri Islam, birangira agarutse kuri gakondo muri Kiliziya Gaturika na none. Yashatse inshuro zirindwi abyara abana umunani.
Akazi yakoze
Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare cy’u Bufaransa kirwanira mu mazi, yakoreye muri Viet Nam na Algeria, Denard yakoze nk’umupolisi w’umukoloni muri Maroc kuva mu 1952 kugeza mu 1957.
Mu 1954, yahamijwe icyaha cyo kugambanira kwica Minisitiri w’Intebe w’u Bufaransa, Pierre Mendès wari uri mu mishyikirano yo kurangiza intambara yo muri Viet Nam no kuvana ingabo z’u Bufaransa muri Maroc, Tunisia na Algeria, akatirwa amezi 14 y’igifungo.
Bob Denard warwanyaga ingengabitekerezo ya Communisme ubwo yahise agira uruhare mu makimbirane yabaga arwanya ubukoloni, haba ku giti cye no mu nyungu z’u Bufaransa. Igihe kimwe yigeze gutorokaeshwa n’inzego z’ubutasi z’u Bufaransa muri gereza mu gihe cy’Intambara yo muri Algeria.
Yatangiye umwuga w’ubucanshuro yaje kumaramo imyaka isaga 30 ahereye mu Ntara ya Katanga mu Kuboza 1961, ubwo we n’abandi bacanshuro b’abanyamahanga binjizwaga muri Katanga n’umuyobozi w’abacanshuro witwa Roger Faulques. Yamamaye ubwo yabohozaga abasivili bari baragoswe n’inyeshyamba muri Stanleyville (Kisangani).
Denard yarwaniye aha kugeza ubwo umutwe waharaniraga ubwigenge bw’Intara ya Katanga, wayoborwaga na Moise Tshombe waneshwaga muri Mutarama 1963. Ubwo Denard n’abantu be bahise bimukira muri Angola.
Hagati mu 1963, yari ageze muri Yemen, yari mu ntambara hagati y’abaturage hagati ya leta y’Aba “Nasserists” n’igice cy’abaturage bari bashyigikiwe n’ibihugu byo mu Burayi na Arabia Saudite.
Abafaransa n’Abongereza n’Abongereza bishyuye abacanshuro batandukanye ngo batoze ari bahanganye na leta ibijyanye n’igisirikare, Denard aba umwe mu biyunze kuri Imam al-Badr wari uyoboye abarwanyaga leta.
Nyuma y’amezi nka 18 Denard yasubiye muri Congo ahabwa akazi na Moise Tshombe wari umaze kuba Minisitiri w’Intebe, agakora kuva muri Nyakanga 1964 kugeza mu Kwakira 1965 ubwo yirukanwaga na Perezida Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Denard yanamaze imyaka ibiri arwanira mu nyeshyamba za Simba zari zishyigikiye Patrice Lumumba, wari wiciwe muri Katanga mu 1961.
Inyeshyamba za Simba zari zishyigikiwe n’Abashinwa na Cuba, ndetse na Che Guevara, mu gihe guverinoma yari yahiritse Lumumba yari ishyigikiwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’u Bubiligi. Bob Denard yari ayoboye itsinda rye ry’Abacanshuro b’Abafaransa ryitaga “Affreux”, cyangwa abantu bateye ubwoba.
Mu 1967, Denard yongeye kwifatanya n’abashakaga ubwigenge bwa Katanga afatanyije n’Abanyakatanga ndetse n’abacanshuro b’Ababiligi bari bayobowe na Jean Schramme na Jerry Puren mu myivumbagatanyo yo mu burasirazuba bwa Congo yari igamije gusubiza Tshombe ku butegetsi.
Aba ntibamaze kabiri bakubiswe inshuro muri Bukavu, Denard akomereka rugikubita ajyanwa mu ndege n’abandi bantu be bari bakomeretse bajya kwivuriza muri Zimbabwe.
Mu 1968, yaragarutse agaba igitero muri Katanga ari kumwe n’abarwanyi bagera muri magana bari kuri za moto bashaka kujijisha ngo Bukavu yongere iterwe neza.
Bob Denard kandi yagize uruhare mu bikorwa by’abacanshuro muri Biafra mu gihe cy’Intambara hagati y’abaturage muri Nigeria mu mpera ya za 60. Mu 1968 kugeza mu 1978, yakoreshejwe na guverinoma ya Gabon ndetse akajya anitabazwa na guverinoma y’u Bufaransa mu bikorwa bya gisirikare byayo muri Afurika. Yagize kandi uruhare mu igeregeza ry’ihirika ry’ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Mathieu Kérékou muri Benin mu 1977.
Nubwo Jacques Foccart yahakanye ko atari azi icyo gikorwa cyo gushaka guhirika Mathieu Kérékou kitagezweho, yemeye ko cyari kihishwe inyuma na Gnassingbé Eyadéma wayoboraga Togo, Houphouet-Boigny wa Cote d’Ivoire, Omar Bongo wa Gabon n’Umwami Hassan II wa Maroc, ibihugu byose byari bibanye neza n’u Bufaransa.
Denard azwiho kuba yaragize uruhare mu makimbirane yo muri Rhodesia mu 1977, Iran, Nigeria, Angola, zaire ndetse na Comores, igihugu cyabayemo ibikorwa byo guhirika ubutegetsi inshuro zigera muri 20 mu myaka mirongo yari ishize. Mu gihe yamaze muri uwo mwuga w’ubucanshuro, Bob Denard yagiye afashwa rwihishwa na Leta y’u Bufaransa ndetse n’urwego rw’ubutasi bwo hanze rw’u Bufaransa kugirango iki gihugu gikomeze kugira ijambo mu bihugu cyahoze gikolonije.
Yageze muri Comores ayigira akarima ke
Bob Denard avugwaho kuba yaragize uruhare mu kugerageza guhirika ubutegetsi muri iki gihugu inshuro zigera kuri enye. Ku mabwiriza ya Jacques Foccart, yahiritse Perezida wa mbere w’iki gihugu, Ahmed Abdallah, wari watangaje ubwigenge bwa Comores ku itariki 06 Nyakanga 1975. Uyu yasimbujwe Ali Soilih.
Nyuma nibwo yananiwe guhirika ubutegetsi muri Benin mu 1977 agira ibikorwa akora muri Rhodesia kuva mu 1977 kugeza mu 1978 akorana na 7 Independent Company.
Abifashijwemo na guverinoma ya Rhodesia, yasubiye muri Comores ari kumwe n’abagabo 43 ku ya 13 Gicurasi 1978 maze akora coup d’Etat ahirika Ali Soilih, wari wahindukiriye politiki ya gisosiyalisiti. Soilih yishwe mu buryo bw’amayobera ku ya 29 Gicurasi 1978.
Amakuru yashyizwe ahagaragara avuga ko Soilih yarashwe agerageza gutoroka ntabwo yizewe na bamwe. Afashijwe na Bob Denard, Ahmed Abdallah yari yahiritse yasubijwe ku butegetsi abumaraho imyaka 11 kuva mu 1978 kugeza mu 1989, Denard akaba yarayoboraga abasirikare b’intarumikwa 500 bari bashinzwe kumurinda.
Bob Denard ubwo yari asohotse mu musigiti wo muri Comores
Icyo gihe yaravugaga rikijyana mu rwego rwa business muri iki gihugu, ndetse anaharongorera umugore w’Umusilamukazi nawe yinjira mu idini gutyo anafata ubwenegihugu yitwa Said Mustapha Mhadjou.
Iki gihugu cya Comores yagikoresheje nk’ibirindiro by’inyuma mu bikorwa bye bya gisirikare muri za Mozambique na Angola anashyigikiwe n’u Bufaransa.
Yaragiye yikwizaho imitungo myinshi muri Comores irimo inyubako z’amahoteli n’ubutaka. Xavier Renou, wanditse igitabo ku bantu bigenga bakora amasezerano y’ibikorwa bya gisirikare (private military contractors), ngo Denard ni we wagize uruhare mu kuva mu bucanshuro gakondo habaho ubucanshuro bugezweho muri iki gihe nk’ubukorwa n’ibigo byinjiza akayabo nka Wagner Group cyo mu Burusiya kiri kuvugwa cyane muri iyi minsi n’ibindi.
Coup d’etat yo mu 1989 no kujyanwa mu rukiko
Mu 1989, kubera gutinya guhirikwa ku butegetsi na none, Perezida Ahmed Abdallah wa Comores yategetse ingabo zishinzwe kumurinda zari ziyobowe na Bob Denard kwambura intwaro abasirikare. Amaze gutanga iryo tegeko, bivugwa ko umusirikare umwe yagize atya akinjira mu biro bya Perezida Abdallah akamurasa ndetse agakomeretsa Bob Denard.
Nyuma y’iminsi mikeya, Bob Denard yemeye kuva muri Comores nyuma yo guhura n’umunyemari w’Umufaransa, Jean-Yves Ollivier, ajyanwa muri Afurika y’Epfo n’ingabo z’u Bufaransa nk’uko byemezwa na mercenary-wars.net.
Denard nyuma yagiye mu Bufaransa aba mu karere ka Médoc ategereje kwitaba urubanza mu rupfu rwa Perezida Ahmed Abdallah mu 1989. We na Lt. Dominique Malacrino, yagombaga kwiregura muri Gicurasi 1999 ku birego ku ruhare rwe muri coup d’etat yo mu 1989, aho ubushinjacyaha bw’u Bufaransa bwo bwavugaga ko Perezida Ahmed Abdallah yishwe ku mabwiriza ye kubera ko yendaga kumukura ku buyobozi bw’umutwe umurinda.
Perezida Ahmed Abdallah
Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze ko Ahmed Abdallah yarashwe ku mabwiriza ya Bob Denard mu ikinamico ku gitero ku ngoro ye ku itariki ya 26 Ugushyingo 1989, ariko iminsi mikeya mbere y’urubanza umuryango wa Abdallah ukuraho ikirego wari waramureze birangira we na Dominique Malacrino bahanaguweho cyaha kubera kubura ibimenyetso.
Nyuma yaho, Perezida Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim yanze ko Bob Denard yongera gukandagiza ikirenge muri Comores. Ku itariki ya 06 Ugushyingo 1998 nawe yaje gupfa mu buryo butavuzweho rumwe, aho umuryango we waketse uburozi ugasaba ko umurambo ukorerwa ibizamini ariko ntibikorwe hagatangazwa ko yapfuye urupfu rusanzwe.
Coup d’etat yo mu 1995 no kuburanishwa
Mu ijoro ryo ku itariki ya 27 Nzeri 1995 Denard yatangije igikorwa cyo guhirika ubutegetsi ku nshuro ya kane muri Comores, aho yageze muri iki gihugu mu mato ari kumwe n’abantu be 33 ashaka guhirika Perezida Said Mohamed Djohar, wari wasimbuye Abdallah. Ku itariki ya 04 Ukwakira, binyuze mu masezerano hagati y’u Bufaransa na Comores, Igisirikare cy’u Bufaransa cyahagaritse iryo gerageza ryo guhirika ubutegetsi.
Guverinoma y’u Bufaransa yohereje itsinda ry’abakomando bajya gufata Denard n’abacanshuro be. Nubwo yari afite abarwanyi bagera muri 300 barimo n’Abanya-Comores bafite ibikoresho biteguye no kurwana, Denard yemeye kuyamanika nta sasu rirashwe, asubizwa mu Bufaransa n’urwego rw’ubutasi bwo hanze y’igihugu ruzwi mu magambo ahinnye nka DGSE, amara amezi 10 muri gereza yo muri Paris.
Urubanza rwe n’urupfu rwe
Mu gihe cy’urubanza rwe abanyapolitiki bari begereye de Gaulle barimo Charles Pasqua, baramuvuganiye.
Mu 2001, Guido Papalia, umushinjacyaha mukuru wa Verona mu Butaliyani, yashinje Denard kuba yaragerageje gushaka abacanshuro mu mutwe w’abataliyani binyuze mu witwa Franco Nerozzi, ashaka guhirika ku butegetsi Col. Azali Assoumani wayoboraga Comores icyo gihe nawe utaremeraga ko Bob Denard yongera gukandagira mu gihugu cye.
Ku itariki ya 9 Werurwe 2006, umushinjacyaha Olivier Bray yasabiye Bob Denard imyaka 5 y’igifungo kubera guhirika Said Mohamed Djohar muri Comores mu 1995 no gukatira abo bafatanyije 26 igifungo kiri hagati y’umwaka umwe n’imyaka ine.
Mu rubanza rwamaze ibyumweru bitatu Denard na bagenzi be bagerageje kumvisha urukiko babikoze bashyikiwe na Guverinoma y’u Bufaransa. Domonique Malacrino yavuze kuri telephone za Jacques Foccart wari ushinzwe ibiro bya Afurika muri perezidansi, ahamagara Denard, ndetse Emmanuel Pochet, undi wakekwaga nawe yemeje ko Denard yafashwaga n’abayobozi bakuru mu rwego rw’ubutasi rwa DGSE n’izindi ngero z’ubwo bufatanye.
Perezida Said Mohamed Djohar
Ku ya 9 Werurwe, uwunganira Denard yerekanye ibyatangajwe n’uwahoze ari perezida Djohar, wari wavuze, ubwo yaganiraga n’ikinyamakuru Kashkazi cyo muri Comores mu mpera z’Ukwakira 2005, ko umuyobozi we ushinzwe umutekano, Kapiteni Rubis, wari umusirikare w’u Bufaransa abayobozi b’u Bufaransa bari baramuhaye , "yari azi ibijyanye no kumuhirika ku butegetsi".
Mu 2006, Denard, icyo gihe wari urwaye indwara yo kwibagira izwi nka “Alzheimer” yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe wagambiriye gukora icyaha, ahabwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu gisubitse. Mu rubanza, uruhare rw’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Bufaransa mu ihirika ry’ubutegetsi bwa Saïd Djohar mu 1995 rwaremejwe, ariko basanga rudahagije ku buryo byatuma abacanshuro bahanagurwaho icyaha, ariko ni nacyo cyagendeweho mu guha igihano cy’igifungo gisubitse abaregwa.
Mu 2006 imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, uwahoze ari umuyobozi w’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’amahanga yahamije ko iyo nzego zidasanzwe z’igihugu zitabashije kugira ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by’ibanga zikora, zifashisha abacanshuro nka Bob Denard.
Byatumye mu 2007 uru rukiko rumukatira imyaka ine y’igifungo ariko itatu muri yo isubitse, ariko ntiyigeze akora icyo gihano kubera ibibazo by’uburwayi.
Amaherezo ariko nubwo yabashije gucika ubutabera byarangiye ashizemo umwuka ku itariki ya 13 Ukwakira mu 2007 ku myaka 78, ashyingurwa ku itariki ya 19 Ukwakira nyuma yo kumusezeraho muri Kiliziya ya Saint-François Xavier i Paris.
Tanga igitekerezo