Kubona indishyi, nk’agaciro k’igihombo uwahohotewe aterwa n’icyaha yakorewe, ni urugamba rw’abahohotewe b’i Rusizi n’i Kabarondo mu Rwanda, rusa n’urw’ababuriye ababo mu gihugu cya Cadi. Itandukaniro ni uko abo muri Cadi babuze izo ndishyi barazitsindiye ubwo ubutabera muri Senegal bwakatiraga burundu Hissene Habre wabahohoteye. Ni mu gihe ku bo mu Rwanda, ubutabera bwa Suwedi n’ubw’u Bufaransa ntacyo bwategetse Rukeratabaro Théodore w’i Rusizi, Ngenzi Octavien na Barahira Tito b’i Kabarondo.
Bose bakatiwe n’inkiko z’amahanga nyuma yo guhunga ubutabera bw’ibihugu byabo; u Rwanda kuri Ngenzi Octavien na Barahira Tito babaye ba burugumesitiri ba Kabarondo, na Cadi kuri Hissene Habre wategekesheje igitugu icyo gihugu kuva mu 1982 kugeza mu 1990.
Izi manza zashingiye ku ihame, ibihugu byiyemeje, ryo gukurikirana abakekwaho “ibyaha mpuzamahanga” nka jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, iby’intambara, iyicarubozo n’ibindi. Bigeze ku “ihame ry’indishyi ku bahohotewe riranga ubutabera bwuzuye”, nk’uko bivugwa na Perezida wa Ibuka, muri Rusizi, “ ubutabera bukoresha ubwironde”. Aha Bwana Ndayambaje Laurent anenga kuba itegeko rigenga indishyi, mu bihugu by’Umuryango w’ibuhugu by’u Burayi, rigena indishyi ku bahohotewe batuye gusa ku butaka bwa kimwe muri ibyo bihugu. Abandi bakaburiramo, hatanzwe ubutabera “mu izina ry’ubutabera mpuzamahanga”!
Ku busanzwe, nk’uko bihurizwaho n’abanyamategeko nka Me Musonera Alexis na mugenzi we Me Munyawera Alfred, no mu manza nshinjabyaha zisanzwe, “kuregera indishyi no kuzihabwa, ku muntu wahohotewe, ni uburenganzira bwe busesuye”. Gusa ngo igitangaje ni ukubona, byarageze ku manza za jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, iryo hame rikirengagizwa kugera mu bihugu by’u Burayi byiyita ko ari impirimpanyi mu butabera no mu Rukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR). Ni ho Bwana Ndayambaje ahera agira ati “ku bwanjye mbifata nk’inenge ikomeye mu itangwa ry’ubutabera bwuzuye buhabwa uwahohotewe”.
Uwapfuye ntapfa rimwe!
Hari byinshi byamenyekaniye i Rusizi n’i Kabarondo, mu nama z’ihererekanyamakuru ku rubanza rwa Rukeratabaro n’urwa Ngenzi na Barahira, ubwo abahohotewe bahuraga, muri 2018 na 2019, n’imiryango Pax Press, RCN Justice et Démocratie, Haguruka, na AMI, mu rwego rw’umushinga JUSTICE ET MEMOIRE (UBUTABERA NO KUBUNGABUNGA AMATEKA). Mu myanzuro ya ziriya manza, urukiko rwa Suede rwari rwakatiye Rukeratabaro igifungo cya burundu muri Werurwe 2019, mu gihe igihano nk’icyo cyari cyaranishijwe Ngenzi na Barahira, muri Nyakanga 2018. Byagaragaye ko, nubwo ziriya nkiko z’ibihugu cyangwa se TPIR zishingira ahanini ku buhamya bw’abatangabuhamya biganjemo abahohotewe, zitigeze zibaha agaciro gakwiye.
Hejuru y’ “agashinyaguro, ubugome n’agasuzuguro, bakunze kugaragarizwa imbere y’ababiciye, no gusubizwa inyuma mu bihe bibi bya jenoside”, hiyongereyeho kuba “bagaruka iwabo nta ndishyi, mu bukene n’ubujyahabi batejwe n’icyaha bakorewe”, nk’uko bigawa n’umwe mu bayobozi ba Ibuka ya Rusizi. Ngo ni mu gihe babaye “icyanzu cy’amadolari arenga miliyari imwe yacikiye ku gufata neza ababiciye, ababunganira biganjemo abapfobya jenoside, n’abacamanza basa n’abahimbajwe n’umushahara kurusha ubutabera batanga”. Theodor Meron ngo yari urugero rwivugira!
Kuba nta ndishyi zatanzwe muri TPIR nk’urukiko rwa LONI, bisa n’ibyahaye icyuho mu Itegeko riha ububasha ubutabera bw’ibihugu ku byaha mpuzamahanga (universal jurisdiction law/loi sur la compétence universelle), mu gihe cyo kuburanisha abakekwaho jenoside yakorewe abatutsi.
Ni ho usanga nk’amategeko agenga indishyi mu bihugu by’Umuryango w’ibihugu by’u Burayi aheza abatahatuye, nk’abanyarwanda bahohotewe muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Barimo nk’uyu mukecuru w’i Kabarondo wagizwe incike na jenoside, wandujwe indwara zidakira. Nyuma ngo yo kubona, mu rubanza rw’i Paris, Ngenzi n’umuryango we bamerewe neza, “batengamaye”, agira ati « Kumusiga afunze burundu se ni byo ndishyi ? Uretse agahinda nagarukanye, ubundi naje amara masa! N’ubu turapfa duhagaze, burya uwapfuye ntapfa rimwe!»
Ubutabera bugenerwa abanyabyaha
Mu gihe mu Rwanda hari abarira ko bimwe ubutabera, mu gihugu cya Cadi ho uburakari ni bwose ku bahohotewe, kubera ko babuhawe ntibwabageraho. Ejobundi muri Werurwe 2020, aho guhabwa indishyi batsindiye, bari banategereje, batunguwe n’ifungurwa rya Hissene Habre wabiciye kubamara. Uwitwa Clément Abaifouta, Perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’abahohotewe na Hissène Habré avuga ko ifungurwa rya Hissene Habre ryabituye hejuru mu gihe bari bategereje isubukurwa rya gahunda y’indishyi. Agira ati “Kuri twe, iki cyemezo ni nk’impiri badukubise mu mutwe, ni uburyo bwo gusuzugura abahohotewe bapfuye n’abakiriho”.
Imyaka uyu mugabo wamaze imyaka ine muri gereza zanyongerwagamo abantu za Hissene Habre, asanga bidakwiye kuzana ikibazo cy’impuhwe mu irekurwa rye. Mu kiganiro n’igitangazamakuru JusticeInfo agira ati “Hissene Habre we ubwe nta bumuntu n’impuhwe yigeze agira. Mu bo yicishije harimo abafite imyaka irenga 70. None mu gihe, abo yahohoteye barwaye, bapfa umusubirizo, arataka ibicurane rubanda bagasakuza. Ni akarengane. Senegal yaduteye umugongo ».
Uretse gukatirwa igifungo cya burundu, taliki ya 30 Kamena 2016, Hissene Habre yanahanishijwe gutanga indishyi z’akababaro ku bahohotewe zingana na miliyari 82 CFA ahwanye na miliyoni 153 Usd agomba kugabanywa abahohotewe barenga ku bihumbi 7. Alain Werner, umwe mu bagize ihuriro ry’abavoka bunganira abaregera indishyi mu rubanza rwa Hissene Habre asobanura ko « abahohotewe bamaze hafi imyaka ine bategereje guhabwa indishyi bagenewe n’urukiko. Mu gihe nta n’urumiya barahabwa, igisa n’igihangayikishije ni ikibazo cy’ifungurwa rye, yaraburanishijwe mu mucyo agahamwa n’ibyaha by’indengakamere bihanwa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga».
Muri Cadi, aho Leta yategetswe kwishyura 50% z’indishyi, urwitwazo ngo ni ihungabana ry’ubukungu. Rizarangira ryari kugira ngo abahohotewe bahabwe indishyi batsindiye?
Ubutabera ku bahohotewe burashoboka?
“Biragoye!”, ariko birashoboka, nk’uko bivugwa na bamwe mu bamenyereye iby’amategeko. “Ni inzozi!”, yo ni imvugo iranga ukwiheba guhuriweho na bamwe mu bahohotewe. Ese birashobka ko amategeko y’ibihugu byasinye Itegeko riha ububasha ubutabera bw’ibihugu ku byaha mpuzamahanga yavugururwa, kugira ngo ihame ry’indishyi rihabwe agaciro? Umunyamategeko Juvens Ntampuhwe, uyobora umushinga JUSTICE ET MEMOIRE (UBUTABERA NO KUBUNGABUNGA AMATEKA), asanga byose ari urugendo rushoboka. Bwana Ntampuhwe asanga, kuba uyu munsi ubutabera bushobora gukurikirana abanyabyaha aho bakekaga ko babuhungiye, ubwabyo ari intanbwe ikomeye mu rwego rw’ubutabera mpuzamahanga. Gusa ngo nubwo “burwanya umuco wo kudahana, bufite inenge ikomeye yo kwita ku wakoze icyaha kuruta uwahohotewe”. Afite icyizere ko nyuma y’iyi ntambwe yatewe “mu rwego rwo kurwanya umuco wo kudahana”, hashobora kuzasuzumwa iyo kunoza uburenganzira bw’uwahohotewe.
Hari indi nzira ishoboka! Kimwe na Bwana Ntampuhwe Juvens, Musonera Alexis na mugenzi we Munyawera Alfred basobanura amategeko yemerera abahohotewe kwifashisha imyanzuro yafashwe n’inkiko zo hanze, maze bakaregera indishyi mu nkiko zo mu Rwanda. Iryo hame ry’ubutabera ryitwa Exequatur. Aba banyamategeko basobanura ko Urukiko Rukuru ari rwo rwonyine rufite ububasha bwo kwemeza ko iryo hame ryakurikizwa ku rubanza uru n’uru. Bagira bati “ushyikiriza urukiko kopi y’urwo rubanza, ukandika urusaba ko ibijyanye n’indishyi wabiregera mu nkiko za hano mu Rwanda”. Iyo ubusabe bwemewe, uwahohotewe aba afite icyo ashingiraho akaregera indishyi mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye.
Uruhare rw’bushake bwa politiki!
Hari ku wa 30 Gicurasi 2016, ubu hashize imyaka igera kuri ine, ubwo Hissène Habré wahoze ari Perezida wa CADI yahamwaga n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara. Urukiko Nyafurika rudasanzwe rwahise rutegeka ko agomba kwishyura n’indishyi ku bahohotewe. Kuva icyo gihe, nta kirakorwa. Mu gihugu cya Cadi nyirizina, ku wa 25 Werurwe 2015, ubutabera bwari bwagennye indishyi zigera kuri miliyari 75 CFA (miliyoni 114 €) ku bahohotewe 7000 mu rubanza rw’abantu 20 bari ku butegetsi ku ngoma ya Hissene Habre. Leta ya CADI, nk’umufatanyacyaha yagombaga kwishyuraho 50%, na n’ubu n’urumiya iratanga.
Kubera iki ? Kuba nta ndishyi zitangwa, bikaba nta n’ubushake bugaragara, hari abasanga bishimangira imvugo ya bamwe ko Leta n’ubundi yari igamije inyungu za politiki aho kurwanya umuco wo kudahana. Umugambi waba wari uwo gufunga abantu bamwe gusa, hagamijwe gukingira ikibaba abandi bakomeye, ariko hatitawe ku kababaro k’abahohotewe ! Ku birebana n’igihugu cya Sénégal, haramutse hari ubushake, birashoboka ko habaho urubanza rugamije ifatira ry’imitungo ya Hissene Habre. Ariko na magingo aya, nta kirakorwa kandi nta n’ikimenyetso ko hari gahunda yo kubikora.
Aha ni ho abanyamategeko bemeza ko uburyozwacyaha buba butuzuye. Ni na ho umwe mu bayobozi ba IBUKA ahera avuga ko « igihe cyose nta ndishyi ku bahohotewe, nta mpamvu yo kwemeza hariho kurwanya umuco wo kudahana. Ubu ni bwo butabera bwatanzwe na TPIR, ni na bwo CADI na SENEGAL burimo guha abanye CADI !».
