Ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi ritagezweho ryo ku ya 7 Mutarama 2019 muri Gabon ntacyo ryakoze ngo rikureho Afurika izina ryayo ribi mu bijyanye n’umudendezo wa politiki. Kuva mu 1950, kuri uyu mugabane hamaze kuba cuop d’etat zisaga 200 hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyafashije abaziteguye kugera ku ntego zabo, byibuze by’igihe gito. Ni mu gihe ku Isi hose habaye coup d’etat cyangwa igeragezwa ryazo byibuze 475 mu myaka 70 ishize ariko igihugu cya mbere cyabayemo nyinshi ntabwo ari icyo muri Afurika.
Ibi bigaragazwa n’amakuru yakusanyijwe mu buryo burambye n’abahanga mu bya politiki Jonathan Powell, wo muri Kaminuza ya Florida, muri Orlando, na Clayton Thyne, wo muri Kaminuza ya Kentucky, muri Lexington, aho Radio Canada yongeyeho amakuru ajyanye n’igitero giherutse kugabwa ku butegetsi bwa Perezida wa Gaboni Ali Bongo, mu gihe yari mu bitaro muri Maroc. Bwiza.com nayo ikaba yakongeraho ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi muri mali ndetse n’iriheruka ku Cyumweru gishize mu gihugu cya Guinea.
Abashakashatsi bombi basobanura ko guhirika ubutegetsi ari “ukugerageza mu buryo butemewe kandi bweruye kw’abasirikare cyangwa izindi ntore ziri mu nzego za Leta, guhirika ubutegetsi. “Rero, si ngombwa ko buri gihe igisirikare kiba inyuma y’igikorwa nk’iki ngo kitwe guhirika ubutegetsi.”
Kandi, kuri MM. Powell na Thyne, ngo ushobora kuvuga ko ihirika ry’ubutegetsi ryagezweho mu gihe ryemerera guhindura ukuboko kw’imbaraga zari ku butegetsi mu gihe cy’iminsi irenze irindwi.
Aba mu 2019 bavugaga ko ihirika ry’ubutegetsi 100 ryujuje ibi byangombwa ari ryo rimaze kuba muri Afurika kuva mu 1950.
Habayeho guhirika ubutegetsi icyenda mu myaka ya za 1950. Hanyuma, mu myaka ya za 1960, 70, 80, 90 na 90, ibikorwa nk’ibi bigera kuri 40 byagiye bibarurwa buri myaka icumi.
Jonathan Powell avuga ko cyari igihe cy’impinduka nyuma y’ubwigenge bw’ibihugu byinshi. Agira ati: “Ibintu byakunze gutera ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi, nk’ubukene n’imikorere mibi mu by’ubukungu, byari bihari.”
Ubwo intambara ya II y’Isi yose yari irimbanyije isatira umusozo, Perezida wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Franklin D. Roosevelt na Minisitiri w’Intebe w’u Bwongereza, Winston Churchill bemeranyije mu masezerano yiswe la ‘Charte de l’Atlantique’ yagenaga uko Isi igomba kuzabaho nyuma y’intambara, ko ibihugu bya Afurika ibihugu by’ibihangange byo mu Burayi byari byarigabanyije mu kinyejana cya 19, bigomba kuzabona ubwigenge.
Uburenganzira bwo kwishyira ukizana kw’abaturage b’ibi bihugu kandi bwinjijwe no mu masezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yiswe ‘Charte des Nations Unies’.
Ku rundi ruhande abayobozi benshi b’abanyafurika, bari barigiye mu mashuri y’abakoloni, bari biyemeje guharanira ubusugire bw’ibihugu byabo. Benshi bari baragiye bakorera ubukangurambaga ibi bitekerezo bakiga muri kaminuza zo mu Burayi.
Guharanira ubwigenge byatangiye cyane mu 1956 hamwe na Sudani, nubwo ibihugu bike bya Afurika byigenga bicagase. Tunisia, Maroc, Ghana na Guinea byakurikiyeho kuva mu 1956 kugeza mu 1958. Kandi mu 1960 honyine, ibindi bihugu 17, cyane cyane ibyari bikolonijwe n’Abafaransa, byabonye ubwigenge. Mu 1980, ibihugu bigera kuri mirongo itanu byari bimaze kubona ubwigenge.
Kuva ikinyagihumbi turimo cyatangira, ibikorwa byo guhirika ubutegetsi bya hato na hato byakomeje kwigaragaza. Muri za 2000 habaye cout d’etat zigera muri 22, na 16 kugera muri za 2010.
Uruhare rukomeye rw’igisirikare
Igisirikare cyakunze kugira uruhare runini muri uko guhererekanya ubutegetsi ku gahato. Ariko ibyo ntibisobanura ko byanze bikunze ari cyo cyabaga kibiri inyuma.
Nubwo akenshi ari abasivili bagize guverinoma batangiza ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi, igisirikare kibigiramo uruhare nyuma, cyemera gukurikira cyangwa cyanga gukurikira ubuyobozi bushya nk’uko byemezwa n’aba bahanga mu bya politiki, Jonathan Powell na Clayton Thyne.
Bati: “Nk’urugero, igerageza ryo guhirika ubutegetsi ryo mu 1962 ryari riyobowe na Minisitiri w’intebe wa Senegali, Mamadou Dia [arwanya Perezida wa Repubulika, Léopold Sédar Senghor] ryarananiranye kubera ko atashoboye kubona inkunga y’ingabo”.
Bavuga ko inkunga ituruka mu gisirikare rero ari ngombwa. Ariko, ibyo bidasobanura ko buri gihe ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare ari bwo bushyirwaho.
Powell na Thyne bibutsa ko “ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi ryo muri 2005 muri Mauritania, ryatumye amatora abuzwa abasirikare kwiyamamaza. Rero, nubwo ibikorwa by’ingabo aribyo byatumye ubutegetsi bwa Maaouiya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya bugwa, ingabo zitashyizeho guverinoma zihitiyemo.”
Ibitandukanye n’ibi ariko, ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare nibwo Capt. Amadou Haya Sanogo yashatse gushyiraho muri Mali mu 2012. Yayoboye cout d’etat yahiritse Perezida Amadou Toumani Toure, afata ubutegetsi, ariko ku gitutu cy’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga birangira nawe abutanze abushyira mu maboko ya Perezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, Dioncounda Traore nyuma y’ibyumweru bibiri gusa.
Coups d’etat 475 mu myaka 70
Ku Isi yose, kuva mu 1950 habaye coups d’etat zigera muri 475 zagezweho cyangwa zaburijwemo (Imibare yo mu 2019).
Umugabane wa Afurika niwo uyoboye urutonde rw’imigabane yabayemo ihirika ry’ubutegetsi ryinshi, rigera muri 200, ukurikiwe na Amerika y’Epfo, ahabaye igerageza ryo guhirika ubutegetsi rigera muri 95 harimo inshuro 40 ryagezweho.
Igihugu cya Bolivia, cyo muri Amerika y’Epfo, nicyo gihugu kimaze kubamo ihirika ry’ubutegetsi ryinshi ku Isi mu mateka kuva mu 1950, ryageragejwe inshuro 23, izigera kuri 11 rikagerwaho rigahindura ubutegetsi byibuze icyumweru.
Muri rusange umugabane wa Amerika wose (Amajyaruguru, amajyepfo no hagati) habaye igeragezwa ryo guhirika ubutegetsi inshuro 145, kandi inshuro 70 rigerwaho.
Gusa, kuva mu 2002 habaho kugerageza guhirika Perezida wa Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, nta yindi coup d’etat iheruka kuri uyu mugabane.
Coup d’etat iheruka ku mugabane wa Afurika ni iyo kuwa 05 Nzeri 2021 mu gihugu cya Guinea, aho abasirikare bayobowe na Lt Col Mamady Doumbouya bahiritse Perezida Alpha Conde wari ku butegetsi kuva mu 2010.
Ni nyuma kandi y’ihirika ry’ubutegetsi ryo kuwa 24 Gicurasi 2021 mu gihugu cya Mali, aho abasirikare bayobowe na Col. Assimi Goita, wari visi perezida w’agateganyo, bahiritse Perezida Bah N’daw, bari bashyizeho na none nyuma yo guhirika ku butegetsi muri Kanama 2020, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita.
