Kuva ku ifatwa ry’abakozi ba Ambasade ya Amerika mu 1979 kugeza ku makimbirane ashingiye ku ntwaro za kirimbuzi no ku ntambara z’imitwe iyishyigikiye mu karere, Iran yabaye umwe mu bakinnyi bakomeye bahinduye isura ya politiki n’umutekano byo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati.
Mu 1979, Impinduramatwara ya Kisilamu muri Iran yakuyeho ubutegetsi bwa Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi wari ushyigikiwe cyane na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’ibindi bihugu by’Uburengerazuba.
Iyo mpinduramatwara yayobowe na Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ntiyahinduye gusa ubutegetsi bwa Iran, ahubwo yahinduye n’imiterere ya geopolitike y’akarere kose. Mu kanya gato, igihugu cyari inshuti ya Washington cyahindutse umwe mu bahanganye nayo cyane.
Nyuma y’imyaka 46, Iran na Amerika ntibirajya mu ntambara yeruye nk’iyabaye hagati ya Iran na Iraq, ariko amakimbirane yabyo yaranzwe n’intambara z’ibanga, ibihano by’ubukungu, ibikorwa by’ubutasi, ibitero bikorwa n’imitwe ifashwa na Iran ndetse n’igitutu cya dipolomasi cyakomeje imyaka myinshi.
Imizi y’amakimbirane: kuva mu 1953 kugeza mu 1979
Nubwo benshi batekereza ko amakimbirane yatangiye mu 1979, amateka agaragaza ko imizi yayo igera kure.
Mu 1953, CIA ya Amerika hamwe n’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’u Bwongereza rwa MI6 bafashije guhirika Minisitiri w’Intebe Mohammad Mossadegh wari watowe n’abaturage nyuma y’aho ashyize peteroli ya Iran mu maboko ya Leta.
Iyo kudeta yagaruye ku butegetsi Shah Pahlavi, ariko inasiga igikomere gikomeye mu mitekerereze ya benshi muri Iran. Kugeza n’uyu munsi, abayobozi ba Tehran bakunze kuyifata nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko Uburengerazuba bwivanga mu bibazo byabo by’imbere mu gihugu.
1979: Impinduramatwara yahinduye amateka
Ayatollah Khomeini amaze gufata ubutegetsi, abanyeshuri b’abashyigikiye impinduramatwara bigaruriye Ambasade ya Amerika i Tehran maze bafata Abanyamerika 52 ho ingwate mu gihe cy’iminsi 444.
Icyo gikorwa cyabaye igisebo gikomeye kuri Amerika, gituma Washington ishyiraho ibihano bya mbere bikomeye kuri Iran ndetse umubano w’ibihugu byombi uracika burundu.
Ni bwo hatangiye ibihe bishya by’ubushyamirane bukomeje kugeza ubu.
Intambara ya Iran na Iraq: imyaka umunani yahinduye akarere
Mu 1980, Perezida Saddam Hussein wa Iraq yagabye ibitero kuri Iran.
Iyo ntambara yamaze imyaka umunani, ihitana abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi magana kandi isenya bikomeye ubukungu bw’ibihugu byombi. Mu gihe cyayo, ibihugu byinshi by’Uburengerazuba n’ibihugu by’Abarabu byo mu Kigobe byashyigikiye Iraq, bitewe n’ubwoba bw’uko impinduramatwara ya kisilamu yakwirakwira mu karere.
Ku ruhande rwa Iran, iyo ntambara yabaye igikoresho gikomeye cyo gushimangira ubutegetsi bwa kisilamu no kubaka umuco wo kwihanganira igitutu cyo hanze.
Hezbollah n’ivuka ry’“Axis of Resistance”
Nyuma y’igitero cya Israel muri Libani mu 1982, Iran yatangiye gushyigikira umutwe wa Hezbollah.
Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, Tehran yubatse urusobe rw’imitwe n’abafatanyabikorwa ba politiki n’igisirikare muri Libani, Syria, Iraq, Yemen ndetse no muri Palestine.
Iyi politiki yatumye Iran ibasha kwagura ijambo ryayo mu karere idakoresheje ingabo zayo mu buryo butaziguye. Ni bwo havutse icyo abayisesengura bita “Axis of Resistance”, ihuriza hamwe imitwe irwanya Israel n’inyungu z’Uburengerazuba mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati.
Ibi byatumye Iran iba umwe mu bakinnyi bakomeye mu bibazo byose bikomeye by’umutekano byo muri ako karere.
Ikibazo cy’intwaro za kirimbuzi
Mu 2002, amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa bya kirimbuzi bya Iran yatangiye kujya ahagaragara.
Amerika n’ibihugu by’Uburayi byashinjaga Iran gushaka gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi, mu gihe Tehran yo yavugaga ko gahunda yayo yari igamije ingufu z’amashanyarazi n’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.
Ibi byakurikiwe n’ibihano bikomeye by’ubukungu byakomye mu nkokora Iran, bituma ifaranga ryayo ritakaza agaciro kandi ubukungu bwayo buhungabana.
Mu 2015 habaye amasezerano azwi nka JCPOA, yari agamije kugabanya ibikorwa bya kirimbuzi bya Iran mu rwego rwo gukurirwaho ibihano bimwe na bimwe.
Icyakora, mu 2018, Perezida Donald Trump yayavuyemo, ibintu byongeye kuzamura ubushyamirane hagati ya Tehran na Washington.
Kwicwa kwa Qassem Soleimani
Mu ntangiriro za 2020, Amerika yagabye igitero cya drone i Baghdad gihitana General Qassem Soleimani, umwe mu bayobozi bakomeye b’Ingabo z’Impinduramatwara ya Iran (IRGC) ndetse n’umuntu wari ufite uruhare rukomeye mu kubaka umuyoboro w’imitwe ishyigikiye Iran mu karere.
Icyo gikorwa cyegereje akarere ku ntambara yeruye.
Iran yahise isubiza irasa ibisasu ku birindiro bya Amerika muri Iraq, ariko impande zombi zirinda ko ibintu byakwira hose.
Iran na Israel: intambara iva mu bwihisho
Mu myaka yashize, amakimbirane hagati ya Iran n’Uburengerazuba yafashe indi ntera binyuze mu rugamba rwa Iran na Israel.
Habayeho ibitero by’ubutasi, ibikorwa bya cyber, iyicwa ry’abahanga ba kirimbuzi ba Iran, ibitero ku nyubako za dipolomasi ndetse n’ibitero by’ibisasu byambukiranya imipaka.
By’umwihariko, amakimbirane yo mu myaka ya vuba yagaragaje ko umurongo utandukanya “intambara y’ibanga” n’intambara yeruye urushaho kugabanuka.
Ese ni nde uri gutsinda?
Mu rwego rw’ubukungu, Iran yahuye n’ibihombo bikomeye bitewe n’ibihano mpuzamahanga.
Ariko mu rwego rwa geopolitike, yakomeje kuba umukinnyi ukomeye mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati. Yashoboye kugira ijambo rikomeye ku bibazo byo muri Iraq, Syria, Libani na Yemen, ndetse ikomeza kubaka ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’igitutu cy’amahanga.
Ku ruhande rw’Amerika n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo, babashije kugabanya ubushobozi bw’ubukungu bwa Iran no kuyishyiraho igitutu gihoraho. Icyakora, nyuma y’imyaka irenga mirongo ine, ntibigeze bashobora guhindura cyangwa guhirika ubutegetsi bwa kisilamu bwashinzwe mu 1979.
Isesengura: Isomo isi ikwiye kwigira
Amateka y’imyaka 46 y’ubushyamirane hagati ya Iran n’Uburengerazuba agaragaza ko ibihano by’ubukungu n’igitutu cya dipolomasi bishobora guhungabanya igihugu, ariko ntibihite bihindura imyitwarire cyangwa politiki yacyo.
Iran yerekanye ko igihugu gishobora gukomeza kubaho igihe kirekire nubwo cyugarijwe n’ibihano, igihe gifite inzego zikomeye imbere mu gihugu n’ubushobozi bwo kwagura ijambo ryacyo binyuze mu bafatanyabikorwa bo hanze.
Ku rundi ruhande, aya makimbirane yerekana ko ibibazo bya geopolitike bidashakirwa ibisubizo bya politiki bishobora gukomeza imyaka myinshi, bikabyara ibisekuru bishya byubakira ku kutizerana no ku rwango.
Nyuma y’imyaka 46, ikibazo gikomeje kwibazwa ni iki: Ese Iran n’Uburengerazuba bizabona inzira yo kubana mu mahoro no kugabanya amakimbirane, cyangwa isi iri kwinjira mu kindi cyiciro gishya cy’ubushyamirane bushobora gukomeza guhindura isura y’Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati mu myaka iri imbere?
