Ninde wishe Patrice Lumumba? Iyicwa ry’umunyekongo wakundaga igihugu cye cya Congo kurusha uko yikundaga ku ya 17 Mutarama 1961 hafi ya Lubumbashi, ni igikorwa rusange cy’ishyirahamwe ry’abagizi ba nabi, nk’uko ihuriro ry’Ababiligi baharanira kwibuka ibyaranze ubukoloni babivuga.
Ni icyaha cyakozwe ku bufatanye bw’impande enye zigizwe n’abantu uyu munsi bazwi neza nta gushidikanya nk’uko RFI dukesha iyi nkuru ivuga, aho buri wese yagize uruhare rwe: Abanyamerika babuteye inkunga, Ababiligi barabushyigikira, Itsinda rya Mobutu ritanga amabwiriza, naho Tshombe ashyira mu bikorwa. Muri iki cyaha cyakozwe na leta, abantu cumi na batatu bagaragaramo nk’uko tugiye kubagarukaho.
Patrice Lumumba afatwa nk’intwari ya Afurika
? Dwight Eisenhower (1890-1969)
Mu mpera za Nyakanga 1960, Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Congo, Patrice Lumumba, yasabye ubufasha bw’igisirikare cy’Abasoviyeti ngo kimufashe kugabanya amacakubiri muri Katanga. Amezi cumi n’umunani mbere yaho, Fidel Castro yari yafashe ubutegetsi muri Cuba. Kuri Perezida wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Dwight Eisenhower, wari uhanganye na Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete za Nikita Khrushchev, Lumumba yashoboraga guhinduka Castro wa Afurika.
Ku ya 18 Kanama 1960, mu nama y’umutekano y’igihugu yabereye muri White House, Perezida wa Amerika ngo yagize ati: “Tugomba gukuraho uriya mugabo” ( ubu ni ubuhamya bw’umwanditsi w’iyo nama, ubwo yahatwaga ibibazo na Sena ya Amerika, muri Kamena 1975). Bivugwa ko habayeho amasegonda nka cumi n’atanu yo guceceka gutangaje aho. Muri icyo gihe, ngo nta muntu n’umwe watinyukaga kujya impaka ku itegeko rya Dwight Eisenhower, wari umujenerali mu Ntambara ya 2 y’Isi wari uyoboye ingabo zishyize hamwe zakubise inshuro Adolf Hitler.
? Allen Dulles (1893-1969)
Ku ya 26 Kanama 1960, Umuyobozi wa CIA, Allen Dulles, yabwiye Larry Devlin, umuyobozi w’ibiro bye i Leopoldville (ubu ni Kinshasa) ati: “Kuvanaho Lumumba bigomba kuba intego yihutirwa kandi y’ibanze”. Na none, abakozi batatu boherejwe i Leopoldville kugira ngo bafashe Devlin kwica Lumumba, harimo no kugerageza kuroga umuti w’amenyo we cyangwa rimwe mu mafunguro ye. Ariko umuyobozi wa Congo ntabwo byari byoroshye kumwegera.
Muri icyo gihe, umuyobozi wa CIA yahisemo gukina ikarita ya gisirikare. Yashyigikiye ihirika ry’ubutegetsi ry’umuyobozi mukuru w’ingabo za Congo, Colonel Mobutu, wafashe ubutegetsi ku ya 14 Nzeri 1960 kandi agahabwa amafaranga menshi. Dulles yahise ashyira ibintu byose kuri Mobutu n’abafatanyabikorwa be ba politiki bo mu “itsinda rya Binza”. Nyuma, mu Ugushyingo 1961, Dulles yirukanwe na Perezida mushya wa Amerika, John Kennedy. Mu 1962, yaje kwicuza ibyo bakoze maze agira ati “Ndatekereza ko twakabije ku kaga Abasoviyeti bashoboraga gutera muri Kongo”.
? Larry Devlin (1922-2008)
Uyu wahoze ari umusirikare mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi yose warwanye muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru no mu Burayi, akaba yaravugaga Igifaransa, yahawe akazi na CIA maze yoherezwa i Leopoldville muri Nyakanga 1960. Nta kwishisha, yazengurukaga mu mujyi afite imbunda mu mufuka. Amezi make mbere yaho, mu nama yabereye i Buruseli, yabonye umusore Mobutu amubona nk’intumwa itateza ibibazo Abanyamerika. I Léopoldville, abo bagabo bombi babaye inshuti. Kuva mu mpera za Kanama, basangiraga ifunguro rya mu gitondo inshuro nyinshi mu cyumweru. Amafaranga yo muri Amerika yanyuraga muri Devlin akajya kuri Mobutu, wakundaga kugira ati: “Larry, sinshobora guhirika Lumumba nta bufasha bwawe.” Ku ya 14 Mutarama 1961, Devlin yamenye ko Mobutu agiye kugeza Lumumba kuri Tshombe.
Kuko yari azi ko Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yashoboraga kumubwira : “Gusubika iyimurwa (rya Lumumba)kugeza igihe ubuyobozi bwa Kennedy buzaba bugeze ku butegetsi ku ya 20 Mutarama,” yahishe ayo makuru ayohereza i Washington bigeze ku itariki 17 Mutarama, indege yari ijyanye Lumumba mu rupfu imaze guhaguruka. Muri Kamena 1967, ubwo yavaga muri Congo, Marshal Mobutu yamuhaye ifoto ye iherekejwe n’amagambo agira ati: “Ku nshuti yanjye nziza kandi imaze igihe, L. Devlin, kubw’ ibyo Congo n’umuyobozi wayo bamugomba. ”
? Umwami Baudouin (1930-1993)
Muri Kamena 1955, i Stanleyville (ubu ni Kisangani), guhura kwa mbere kwa Baudouin na Lumumba kwari kwiza. Mu birori byo kumwakira, Umwami w’Ababiligi yamenyeshejwe umusore ukiri muto abasha kumwitaho mu gihe cy’iminota icumi. Ariko ku ya 30 Kamena 1960, i Léopoldville, Baudouin yarakajwe n’amagambo ya Lumumba yo kurwanya abakoloni. Nyuma y’ibyumweru bike, umwami agerageza guhirika guverinoma y’Ububiligi ya Gaston Eyskens, we yabonaga ijenjeka imbere y’abanyagihugu ba Congo. Byaramunaniye, ariko abona umwe mu bambari be, Falcon Harold d´Aspremont Lynden, agirwa minisitiri w’ibikorwa bya Afurika. Baudouin, nk’Igikomangoma cy’ikamba cy’umwami Leopold II, yizeraga ko Congo ari ikibazo agomba kugiramo uruhare rutaziguye.
Kuva muri Nyakanga 1960, Ingoro y’ibwami yakomeje umubano utaziguye kandi uhoraho n’abashakaga ubwigenge bwa Katanga. Mu Kwakira 1960, mu ibaruwa y’ibanga yandikiwe Moïse Tshombe (wari uyoboye Abanyakatanga), Umwami Baudouin yaranditse ati: “Ihuriro ry’imyaka mirongo inani nkiryo ryahuje ibihugu byacu byombi ritera umubano w’amarangamutima, ku buryo bidashobora guseswa na politiki. y’umugabo umwe [Patrice Lumumba]. “Icyumweru kimwe mbere yaho, umujyanama w’ingabo z’Ububiligi yandikiye Tshombe abinyujije ku muyobozi w’ibiro bye ati:” Duhagarike Lumumba neza neza (kandi niba bishoboka yicwe…)”. Hakurikiyeho iyicwa rya Lumumba. Nyuma y’amezi abiri, ku ya 13 Werurwe 1961, Baudouin yandikiye Tshombe ati: “Mumenye neza ko nshimye cyane ubwenge mwayoboje Katanga mu bihe bitoroshye kandi bikomeye. ”
? Gaston Eyskens (1905-1988)
Muri Nyakanga 1960, Minisitiri w’intebe w’Ububiligi yatangajwe no kwigomeka kw’abasirikare ba Congo ndetse n’ibyo basabye Ababiligi muri Congo, yohereza ingabo i Leopoldville ndetse atekereza no gushyiraho uburinzi bw’ingabo z’Ababiligi muri Congo yose (amakuru yatanzwe n’umwe mu bajyanama be muri politiki). Ikirenze byose, binyuze kuri Gaston Eyskens yohereje abasirikare ibihumbi byinshi b’Ababiligi i Elisabethville (ubu ni Lubumbashi) gutegura gahunda yo kwitandukanya na Katanga.
Ku ya 15 Kanama 1960, Eyskens yasabye abajyanama b’Ababiligi bakikije Perezida wa Congo, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, kwirukana Minisitiri w’intebe Patrice Lumumba. Byaje gukorwa ku ya 5 Nzeri. Iminsi ibiri mbere yaho, d’Aspremont Lynden yinjiye muri guverinoma ye. Kuva icyo gihe, Eyskens yahaye Minisitiri w’ibikorwa bya Afurika dosiye yose ya Congo maze amuha uburyo bwo gukurikiza politiki ye yo kurwanya Lumumba.
Amafaranga yatanzwe mu ibanga angana na miliyoni 50 z’amafaranga y’Ububiligi (ahwanye na miliyoni 3 z’amayero muri iki gihe, ukurikije ihindagurika ry’ibiciro) yararekuwe kugira ngo akoreshwe na d’Aspremont Lynden, washoboraga noneho gutera inkunga abanyapolitiki bo muri Congo, ubukangurambaga bw’abanyamakuru n’ibikorwa bya rwihishwa. Kugeza muri Werurwe 1961, guverinoma ye ivuyeho, Eyskens yagenzuraga ibikorwa bya d’Aspremont Lynden muri komite ya minisiteri ishinzwe ibibazo bya Afurika cyangwa, “Komite ya Kongo”, yari igizwe n’abagabo batatu gusa: Eyskens, d ‘ Aspremont Lynden na Pierre Wigny, wari Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga. Hagati y’abo bagabo batatu niho hafatirwaga ibyemezo, mu ibanga rikomeye. Kugeza magingo aya, mu bubiko bw’igihugu cy’u Bubiligi, ntaho wabona amakuru ajyanye n’iyi Komite ya Congo.
? Harold d’Aspremont Lynden (1914-1967)
Ku ya 30 Kamena 1960, uyu munyamategeko wahoze ari indwanyi mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, yari umuyobozi wungirije w’ibiro bya Gaston Eyskens mu gihe cy’imyaka ibiri. Muri Nyakanga, mu kibazo cya mbere cyabaye hagati ya Buruseli na Leopoldville, ni we Eyskens yohereje Elisabethville, ayoboye ubutumwa bwa tekinike bw’Ababiligi, kugira ngo ashyigikire Moïse Tshombe mu kwitandukanya kwa Katanga na Congo. Kuva ku ya 3 Nzeri, abisabwe ku buryo bweruye n’Umwami Baudouin, yasubiye i Buruseli gufata minisiteri y’ibikorwa bya Afurika.
Mu butumwa bwo ku ya 6 Ukwakira, yandikiye ubutumwa bwa tekinike bw’Ababiligi muri Elisabethville, yagize ati: “Intego nyamukuru igomba gukurikizwa mu nyungu za Congo, Katanga n’u Bubiligi ni ugukuraho burundu Lumumba”. Mu kuvugana guhoraho na Colonel Marlière, umujyanama wa gisirikare wa Mobutu w’Umubiligi, ni we wari inyuma y’iyimurwa ry’imfungwa Lumumba yoherezwa i Katanga. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 1961, yohereje ubutumwa i Elisabethville avuga ko Aspremont yifuza ko Lumumba yoherezwa muri Katanga vuba byihuse. Bwakeye yoherezwa mu rupfu.
? Mobutu (1930-1997)
Patrice Lumumba niwe wamugize urwego rugufi. Muri Mata 1960, umunyamakuru ukiri muto Mobutu yoherejwe n’ishyaka Mouvement National Congolais rya Lumumba kurihagararira mu nama y’ubukungu yateguraga ubwigenge. Mu bantu makumyabiri b’Abanyekongo bitabiriye ibiganiro i Buruseli, Mobutu ni we wenyine wari warabaye umusirikare. Umunsi umwe, Lumumba wamugize umunyamabanga we wihariye, yamubwiriye mu nama y’abaminisitiri ati: “Umva, genda ushake impuzankano ugaruke nkugire Colonel.”
Ku ya 14 Nzeri 1960, Mobutu yahiritse Lumumba. Ku ya 2 Ukuboza, amaze kumufatisha mu muhanda wa Stanleyville, yamutaye muri gereza. Mobutu yatewe ipfunwe n’amashusho ya televiziyo agaragaza gufata nabi Lumumba, maze agira ati: “Mucyumba ke, aryama mu buriri bwiza. Abaganga babiri baje kumureba. Loni ikeka ko Lumumba yari kubikora iyo aramuka amfungishije? Mobutu yahise yemeza ko hari intambara y’urupfu hagati ye na Lumumba wafatwaga nk’umukomunisiti. Ariko kubera ko atashakaga guhindanya umwuga we wa politiki yandurisha amaboko ye amaraso y’umwanzi we,yamushyikirije abicanyi bo muri Katanga.
? Joseph Kasa-Vubu (1917-1969)
Umuyobozi wa mbere wajugunywe muri gereza n’ababiligi muri Mutarama 1959, akaba yarize muri seminari ni Kasa-Vubu yamaze umwaka arwanira ko Lumumba wari ufunzwe afungurwa abigeraho. Muri Kamena 1960, nyuma y’intsinzi y’ishyaka Mouvement national congolais (MNC) rya Lumumba mu matora y’abadepite muri Gicurasi, habayeho umubano mwiza. Kasa-Vubu, yatorewe kuba perezida na college y’abatora, naho Lumumba aba Minisitiri w’intebe. Muri Nyakanga, abo bagabo bombi bari bacyemeranya kurwanya kwiyomora kwa Katanga. Ariko muri Kanama, ubwo Abarusiya n’Abanyamerika binjiraga mu mukino ukomeye wa Congo, batangiye gusubiranamo. Ku ya 5 Nzeri, ku gitutu cy’Ababiligi, Kasa-Vubu yirukanye Lumumba.
Ku ya 14 Nzeri, ku bwumvikane bw’Abanyamerika, Col. Mobutu ahirika ubutegetsi.
Kuva icyo gihe, Kasa-Vubu yataye agaciro imbere y’umuntu mushya wari ukomeye muri Congo. Kasa-Vubu yagumanye icyicaro cya Congo muri Loni, mu gihe Mobutu, yahise afungira Lumumba mu rugo. Joseph Kasa-Vubu ntabwo yari mu ruziga rw’imbere rwa Mobutu, ariko yari umufasha wizewe. Ku ya 13 Mutarama 1961, igihe abari barinze Lumumba bigomekaga i Thysville (ubu ni Mbanza-Ngungu) bagakangisha kumubohora, Mobutu yitwaje Kasa-Vubu ajya guturisha ingabo.
Amaze gusubira i Léopoldville, mu gitondo cyo ku ya 14 Mutarama, hari inama yabaye igomba kugena ahazaza ha Lumumba? Niba aribyo, Kasa-Vubu yarayitabiriye? Nyuma y’imyaka mirongo itandatu, abahanga mu by’amateka bakomeje kubijyaho impaka. Ikizwi neza ni uko Kasa-Vubu ntacyo yakoze ngo Lumumba atoherezwa i Katanga.
Abandi: Louis Marlière wapfuye mu 2000, yari Lt. Colonel mu ngabo z’Ababiligi ndetse yari umugaba mukuru w’ingabo z’abakoloni b’Ababiligi.
Justin Bomboko (1928-2014), yari Komiseri ushinzwe ububanyi n’amahanga mu itsinda Mobutu yashyizeho ku butegetsi ku ya 14 Nzeri 1960,
Victor Nendaka (1923-2002), yari Komiseri w’umutekano w’igihugu nyuma yo gushyirwaho ku ya 14 Nzeri 1960, Nendaka biragoye.
Moïse Tshombe (1919-1969), uyu na Lumumba ntibigeze bacana uwaka, ndetse mu nama y’i Buruseli muri Gashyantare 1960, Tshombe na Lumumba batonganaga mu ijwi rirenga mu cyumba cy’inama. Uyu niwe muntu wanyuma Lumumba yanyujijweho mbere y’urupfu rwe.
Godefroid Mwenda M’Siri Munongo (1925-1992) wari nka numero ya 2 kuri Tshombe mu Ntara ya Katanga, yabaye minisitiri na perezida w’agateganyo akanya gato, mu 1961. Avugwaho kugira uruhare mu itsembabwoko ryibasiye Abanyakasai no mu iyicwa rya Minisitiri w’intebe Patrice Lumumba, mu gihe cya Congo.
Urubuga rwa internet rw’umuryango we ruvuga ko Munongo yari agiye gushyira ukuri ahagaragara ku rupfu rwa Lumumba, ariko uwo munsi abitangaza yahise agira ikibazo cy’umutima ahita apfa ku itariki 28 Gicurasi 1992.
