Mu Rwanda si ubwa mbere havuzwe ‘ireme ry’uburezi’ bigasobanura uburezi cyangwa se imyigishirize ituma abanyeshuri bagira ibyo batora mu byo bize, ibikorwaremezo mu burezi bikiyongera kandi bikabyazwa umusaruro. Igikomeye gikomozwaho cyane ni icyo umunyeshuri ashobora gukora nk’umusaruro uturuka mu byo yize; aha ashobora kwikorera cyangwa agakorera abandi (akitwa intyoza mu kazi).
Uburezi bw’u Rwanda bwageze kuri byinshi, aho ubu bigoye kubona abanyeshuri bigira munsi y’ibiti, bandikira ku rubaho n’itushi; mbese ubu amashuri yamaze kuboneka, hamwe harimo ibikorwaremezo nk’amazi n’amashanyarazi, bamwe mu banyeshuri bamaze kubona mudasobwa zibafasha mu myigire yabo ya buri munsi, amashuri yigenga n’ay’imyuga na yo yariyongereye. Gusa na none haracyari intambwe ndende ikeneye guterwa, haba mu myigire ndetse no mitangire y’akazi.
Biteye ipfunwe kuri buri wese ufite aho ahuriye n’uburezi kumva imvugo ngo ‘HIZE UWIZE (ABIZE MBERE NI BO BIZE)’, ‘URIGA SE UZABONA AKAZI!’, ‘NTA BUREZI BUKIBAHO’ n’izindi ziterwa n’umusaruro udashamaje wagaragaye mu burezi kandi bukaba budatanga ikizere mu gihe nta gihindutse nta gihindutse mu bibazo birimo.
Umwarimu wigisha muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Dr. Christopher Kayumba yigeze kubazwa niba nta ruhare bagira mu myigire ifite ishusho mbi mu banyeshuri, asubiza ko ‘bahabwa imbuto zipfubye’. Aha yavugaga ko ikibazo cy’uburezi kitari muri kaminuza, ahubwo cyatangiriye hasi mu kiburamwaka cyangwa mu y’incuke. Dr. Kayumba yumvikanye kenshi anengera abanyeshuri ba Kaminuza kutamenya kwandika ibaruwa, iyi ngingo ikaba ari na yo yatumye abazwa iki kibazo.
Ihindurwa ry’urudaca ry’abaminisitiri b’uburezi
Kuva mu 1994 kugeza ubu, Minisiteri y’Uburezi imaze kuyoborwa na ba minisitiri barenga 13, ibi bikaba bitandukanye n’izindi Minisiteri. Bavuga ko iki ari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko iyi Minisiteri yananiranye, ikaba n’impamvu nyamukuru y’ibibazo bihora mu burezi hakibazwa niba abaminisitiri bose batambutse batari bashoboye izi nshingano, cyangwa bamwe bakaba barirengagije inshingano bari bafite cyangwa hari izindi mpamvu zadindije uburezi bitari ku muntu umwe gusa; ari we Minisitiri.
Ikizere kigirirwa uwize mu Rwanda n’uwize ‘hanze’ cyangwa se mu mahanga
Ikizere cyo kubona akazi ku wize mu Rwanda kiba gike ugereranyije n’uwize mu mahanga kuko baba badafite ubushobozi bungana bugaragarira mu ipiganwa ku isoko ry’umurimo.
Akenshi byagaragaye ko abafite ubushobozi barimo abayobozi bakuru batajya bigishiriza abana babo imbere mu gihugu, ahubwo bagahitamo kubajyana mu bihugu by’abaturanyi, muri Afurika, i Burayi, muri Aziya ndetse no ku mugabane w’Amerika. Ibi bigaragaza ikizere gike baba bafitiye uburezi bwo mu Rwanda kandi harimo abakagize inshingano zo kuzana impinduka nziza muri ubu burezi.
Kuba abo bayobozi n’abifite bohereza abana babo kwigira mu mahanga bigira ingaruka zikomeye haba ku bukungu bw’igihugu, ku miyoborere utaretse no kuri politiki ubwayo.
Kugira ngo iyi ngingo yumvikane neza, uyu muyobozi cyangwa uwishoboye tuvuze hejuru akoresha amafranga akubye inshuro nyinshi ayo yagatanze umwana yize imbere mu gihugu, ariko uwo mutungo ukigira mu mahanga. Naho ku miyoborere y’igihugu, umwana ugiye kwiga mu mahanga aba uw’umuyobozi runaka mu nzego nkuru z’igihugu ku buryo iyo se cyangwa nyina ashaje cyangwa akuwe ku buyobozi, umwana we wigiye ahafite ireme ryiza ry’uburezi, w’intyoza mu ndimi z’amahanga, unibitseho ubumenyi burenze, ni we uba ufite amahirwe yo hejuru mu kwinjira mu nzego ziyobora igihugu.
Nimurebe abayobora ubu ndetse no mu bihe byatambutse, mwasanga abenshi niba atari bose barize mu mahanga. Ingero zirahari. Naho mu rwego rwa politiki ntibitandukanye cyane n’ibyo maze kuvuga kuko abo bana bagisohoka mu mashuri yo mu mahanga ari bo n’ubundi bagaruka mu myanya isimbura ababyeyi babo mu gihe batakiri mu mirimo. Ukibaza umwana w’umunyarwanda wize mu misozi ya za Kaduha niba azabasha gupigana n’uvuye mu Bwongereza na Amerika. Biragoye kandi utareba neza bikaba byaba nko kwikubira ubutegetsi bya bamwe amaherezo byazabera igihugu umugogoro.
Mu myaka ya mbere ho, ubwo umubare w’abize wari muke. Abanyeshuri bajyaga kurangiza ayisumbuye na kaminuza bafite ikizere cyo kubona akazi ariko ubu bikaba bigaragara ko leta itagifite ubushobozi bwo guha akazi abarangije kwiga bose bitewe n’umubare munini wabo. Urugero ruto kuri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda yari Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda, kuva mu 1963 kugeza mu 1993, yari imaze gushyira hanze abanyeshuri basaga 1900, mu 2019 gusa ho yashyize hanze abanyeshuri 9 382. Uyu mubare w’abanyeshuri barangije amasomo wiyongera ku biga mu Mashuri Makuru y’imyuga n’Ubumenyingiro (Rwanda Polytechnics) 2398 mu Kwakira 2019. Hariyongeraho abandi bo muri Kaminuza zigenga, abarangije amashuri yisumbuye, ntibakomeze muri Kaminuza, ndetse n’abayarangije mbere y’uyu mwaka muri aya mashuri yose.
Ni yo mpamvu leta ishishikariza cyane urubyiruko n’abarangije amashuri kwihangira imirimo nk’uko biteganywa mu ntego za 2024 no mu Byerekezo bya 2035 na 2050 n’intego z’ikinyagihumbi, aho biteganywa ko imirimo mishya amamiliyoni izaba imaze guhangwa
Abarangije kwiga bibaza bati: “ese twese ni ko twaba ba rwiyemezamirimo?” Aha iyo ubajije buri umwe, abenshi bagusubiza ko bagerageje kwihangira imirimo ariko igahomba bitewe n’ubushobozi buke bw’amafaranga.
Tukiri aho, umubare w’abashomeri ukaba ukomeza kugenda wiyongera ku kigero kitajya kivugwa cyangwa ngo gikorerwe ubushakashati hagamijwe gukemura icyo kibazo no kugishakira umuti kandi uko bwije n’uko bukeye umubare ukomeza kuzamuka uko abanyeshuri bagengenda basoza amasomo yabo ya kaminuza.
Iyongezwa ry’amafaranga y’ishuri
Mu bigo by’amashuri yisumbuye menshi yiganjemo aya leta, hagiye hongezwa amafaranga inshuro nyinshi. Hagenda haba inama zitandukanye hagati y’ababyeyi b’abanyeshuri n’abayobozi b’amashuri, bakababwira ko bongeje amafaranga bitewe n’inyubako nshya z’amashuli (ayisumbuye), hakaba n’ubwo bavuze ko bongeraho amafaranga y’u Rwanda hagati y’5,000 RWF na 10,000 RWF kubera kuvugurura amafunguro kandi ntihagire igihinduka Kandi ababyeyi barishyuye. Iki kibazo kiri no muri kaminuza, aho usanga ayishyurwaga ku mwaka yikubye kabiri cyangwa akarenze (akava ku 600,000 RWF, akarenga 1,500,000 RWF ).
Ingano y’amafaranga y’agahimbazamusyi ku barezi atandukanye na yo abafite abanyeshuri bayigaragaza nk’ikibazo kuri bo. Hari bimwe mu bigo by’amashuri byishyuza agahimbazamushyi kangana n’10,000 RWF, abandi bakishyura 20,000 RWF.
Uko amafaranga menshi yishyuzwa ku mpamvu yumvikana cyangwa impamvu yatumye yongezwa ntikurikizwe, bituma ababyeyi bavana abana babo kuri amwe mu mashuri, bakabajyana kuri yandi (reclassement) batizeyeho ireme ry’imyigishirize.
Itangwa ry’amanota abanyeshuri badakwiriye
Ikibazo gikomeza kugarukwaho ni iyimurwa ry’abanyeshuri batagize amanota ahagije, aho usanga umwana arangiza amashuri abanza atazi kwandika n’izina rye. Umunyeshuri hari ubwo ahabwa amanota menshi yamwimura kandi atarayakoreye cyangwa se bakamureka akimuka kandi bigaragara ko afite amanota make.
Iki kibazo kigaragara no muri amwe mu mashuri yigenga, aho usanga ishuri rishaka kubona abakiriya benshi ritanga amanota menshi ku banyeshuri, ababyeyi bareba indangamanota bakoherezayo n’abandi. Gusa uko imyaka igenda yiyongera kigenda gikosoka kuko hari ababyeyi basigaye bategera aya mashuri ku musaruro uva mu bizamini bya leta.
Ku bijyanye n’ibizamini bya leta, hagiye havugwa bimwe mu bigo by’amashuri bikopeza abanyeshuri. Aha ngo abanyeshuri barara babonye ikizamini bazakora ejo, ubundi bakarara bakiga kuva ku kibazo cya mbere kugeza ku cya nyuma.
Muri kaminuza, hari ubwo abanyeshuri bahabwa imikoro (assignments) bagatanga ibisubizo bakuye kuri murandasi. Ikibazo cyo kwifashisha Google mu misubirize kimaze kuba rusange, kuva aho hafi ya buri munyeshuri aba atunze telefone igezweho (Smart Phone) ndetse na mudasobwa (Laptop).
Umubare w’amafaranga abanyeshuri bacibwa iyo batsinzwe isomo kugira ngo bongere barikorere ikindi kizamini, utuma batishingikiriza ubumenyi bubaturutsemo, ahubwo bagakora ibyo bitewe n’ubwoba bwo kwishyura aya mafaranga (Muri kaminuza n’amashuri makuru; hari abishyura 50,000 RWF n’100,000 RWF ku isomo rimwe baba batsinzwe).
Guhindagura gahunda y’imyigishirize
Ihindurwa rya hato na hato rya gahunda y’imyigishirize iri mu bibazo byugarije uburezi, aho usanga umwarimu atangiye kumenyera gahunda isanzwe uyu munsi, igahindurwa ku munsi ukurikiyeho. Iki kijyana n’ihindurwa ry’amasomo muri kaminuza zimwe na zimwe; aho usanga amasomo umunyeshuri wiga mu wa mbere yiga, ahabanye cyane n’ayo uri mu wa gatatu cyangwa mu wa kane yize. Hari ubwo ababishinzwe basobanura ko haje uburyo bushya bwo kwiga isomo runaka cyangwa hari ibyongewemo, mu mwaka utaha na bwo bikongera bigahindurwa.
Itangwa ry’akazi rirakemangwa
Itangwa ry’akazi mu nzego z’uburezi ryagaragayemo ikibazo, aho ushaka kwigisha mu mashuri abanza cyangwa ayisumbuye, bivugwa ko abanza gutanga ruswa y’amafaranga atandukanye (hari abavuga ko hamwe bishyura 100,000 RWF, 200,000 RWF cyangwa akarenga 300,000 RWF). Ibibazo bya ruswa mu nzego z’ibanze (cyane mu nzego z’uturere iyo batanga akazi mu burezi) byagaragajwe muri Raporo ‘Rwanda Bribery Index 2019’ y’Umuryango urwanya ruswa n’akarengane (Transparent International Rwanda) muri uyu mwaka.
Ruswa mu itangwa ry’akazi ituma umuntu wiyizeyeho ubuhanga adashyira imbaraga mu myigire ye mu gihe atibonamo ubushobozi bwo gutanga ya mafaranga mu gihe azaba ashaka akazi.
Raporo mpimbano
Byagaragaye ko umwana apfira mu iterura, aho bamwe mu bashinzwe uburezi mu nzego z’umurenge n’akarere batanga raporo z’ibinyoma. Umuyobozi asabwa umubare w’abana bataye amashuri, agatanga umukeya [kandi abeshya], bamubaza umubare w’abasubijwe mu ishuri, agatanga umubare munini. Iki kibazo kijyana no guhitamo umwarimu wahize abandi mu gutanga umusaruro mwiza mu mwaka, aho bivugwa ko habamo kubera, bamwe mu bahabwa ibihembo bakaba batabikwiriye.
Ibi bibazo byose tuvuze hejuru n’ibindi tutakomojeho biri mu bidindiza ireme ry’uburezi kandi duhamya neza ko Minisiteri ibifite mu nshingano ibizi ariko yakagombye gushakira ibisubizo kugira iyi Minisiteri ye kujya ihora itungwa agatoki. N’ubwo bidateganijwe mu itegekonshinga, hari hakwiriye inama ishobora nayo kwitwa iy’umushyikirano ku burezi cyangwa ukundi kuntu maze ibibazo bivuzwe hejuru bigasuzumwa byimbitse kandi bigafatirwa imyanzuro ihamye. Iyo nama igahora iterana buri mwaka isuzuma uko iyo myanzuro ishyirwa mu bikorwa. Iyo nama ikaba yakwitabirwa n’abayobozi bakuru, abashinzwe uburezi , abayobozi b’ibigo by’amashuri, abahagarariye abanyeshuri, ababyeyi n’abafatanyabikorwa, abaterankunga, impuguke mu by’uburezi n’abandi bafite aho bahurira n’uburezi.
Uburezi mu Rwanda bwatakaje ireme ariko icyo dukwiriye kwemeranyaho ni uko bushobora kugaruka mu buryo bwiza, buri wese bireba (Minisiteri y’Uburezi, REB, Ubuyobozi bw’ibigo by’amashuri, abarimu, ababyeyi ndetse n’abanyeshuri) babigizemo uruhare. Hakenewe integanyanyigisho ndetse na gahunda y’imyigishirize bihamye, hakenewe ivugurura mu nzego z’uburezi; kuva hasi kugera hejuru, uburyo bw’imitangire y’akazi bukwiriye kwitabwaho kuko byagaragaye ko hari ubwo butaba bwiza ndetse bikaba byiza kurushaho abakomeye n’abifite baramutse babugiriye ikizere, bakigishiriza abana babo mu Rwanda, uburezi bwazamo ibibazo bagashishikazwa no kubivugutira umuti bwangu.
