Ivugururwa ry’ibya Kisilamu : Igice cya Kabiri (2)

Urugendo rw’ivugurura kuva kw’ikubitiro kugeza none Kugirango tubashe gusubiza neza iki kibazo turifashisha imirimo ya Mohamed Haddad kuko yabisesenguye mu gitabo cye le réformisme musulman, une histoire critique akabigaragaza muri Kiriya giterane (colloque) navuze. Abiva I muzingo akerekana urugendo rw’ivugurura kugeza none .

Iby’ivugurura bivugwa kandi na Tariq Ramadan mu gitabo cye “La réforme radicale » aho avuga ko abantu bakwiye gusesengura kugeza ndetse no kw’isoko y’ibyitwa Usul al Fiqh. Agerageza kumara impaka ababyitwaza bitiranya ibintu bibiri : ivuguruza ryihwanya n’iby’abandi (réforme-adaptation) isa n’ihatira ubwenge gukurikira ihindagurika riba kw’isi n’ivugurura rihindura neza ryakwitwa ryubaka (réforme- transformation) riha umuntu ubushobozi bw’ukwemera, bw’ubumenyi (spirituel et intellectuel) bwo kwitegereza aho ari kugirango abashe kwiha ibisubizo by’ibibazo bimukikije.

Nkuko Mohamed Haddad abivuga, ushaka kuvuga ku bibazo by’ivugurura ry’iby’idini muri rusange n’ibya kisilamu by’umwihariko ahura n’imbogamizi zishingiye k’ubuhanga bw’isobanura bintu (épistémologie)n’impaka zibiherekeje. Bityo bikamusaba kugira igihagararo.

Mu rwego rw’amadini : Hari umurongo wa Auguste Comte(1798-1857) na Karl Max(1818-1883) bavuga ko idini ari icyiciro mu buzima bw’isi (bwa Muntu), bati icyo gihe cyararangiye, kuba hakiriho amadini ni ugusigara ku ruhu inka yarariwe cyera, ni ibisigazwa by’amateka (résidu de l’histoire). Hakaba n’umurongo wa Max Weber(18640-1920) na Emile Durkheim(1857-1917) bavuga kw’idini itigeze ivaho ko ahubwo igaragara mu buryo butandukanye, ubu rikaba ryiyuburura(metamorphose). Dushingiye kuri iyi mirongo yombi, ivugururwa ryakorwa mu murongo wa kabiri.

Mu rwego rw’idini ya islam, naho haboneka impaka z’uburyo bubiri : Hari abavuga ko hari amadini afite umwihariko cg se adasanzwe (exception) ku buryo atavugururwa. Habonekamo rero ibice bibiri : igice kivuga mu buryo burata ko islam ari idini idasanzwe bityo ikaba idakeneye ivugururwa, hakaba n’igice kivuga mu buryo bucyerensa buvuga ko islam ari idini itashobora kuvugururwa, Mohamed Haddad akomeza avuga ko atemeranya n’ibice by’umwihariko, yemera ko buri dini ryose iyo riva rikagera rishobora kwivugurura rihuza imyumvire n’ibihe bishya bitandukanye n’ibyabibanjirije. Ati bityo ikibazo cy’ivugururwa si ikibazo cy’idini ahubwo ni ikibazo cy’amateka kigendanye n’ubumenyi (question historique et herméneutique) kireba isi yose.

Itangira ry’ivugururwa ry’iby’ubusilamu: Havugwa ibyitwa ivugururwa mw’idini iyo iryo dini rihanganye n’ikintu kidasanzwe ndetse gikomye. Bityo idini ya islam yagize ivugururwa mu kinyejana cya 19 n’icya 20 kubera iyinjira mw’isi y’abasilamu ry’ibitekerezo bishya mu byiswe modernité nyaburayi. Nibutse ko modernité idatangirana n’ikinyejana cya 19 ahubwo nibwo yatangiye gukwirakwizwa mw’isi mu byiswe ubukoloni, kuko mbere yari umwihariko w’abanyaburayi.

Ingeri zarebwaga cyane n’iyo moderrnité ni imiyoborere ya politiki mu byitwa démokarasi, ubukungu mu murongo wa capitaliste, ubwiyongere bw’abaturage n’ibarura ryabo (démographie). Ni ukuva icyo gihe rero ijambo ivugurura ryatangiye gukoreshwa ku kizwi nka ISLAH. Nyamara iri jambo ryarakoreshejwe muri Coran rivuga ibijyanye n’imyifatire (morale) hanyuma ya biriya binyejana ijambo Islah cyangwa réforme bisigara bisobanura ivugurura muri tewologiya no muri politiki.

Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza hagati mu cya 20, ibyitwa ishingiro ry’ubumenyi (paradigme ) byahinduye ishusho, ibyari ivugurura ry’iby’idini byimukira ibohoza ry’ibihugu byipakurura ubukoloni, maze abayobozi n’izindi mpirimbanyi bahugira mu kurwanya abakoloni. Iyo ntambara yaje gusiga ishinze imitwe y’abarwanyi n’imitekerereze ishingiye k’urugomo (violence). Iyo mitwe imaze kwishimangira mo imbaraga n’ibitekerezo byo kurwana, kwibohoza birangiye babyadukana mw’idini ya islam bisa nk’ibibaye igice kimwe cy’ukwemera. Bityo Umusilamu wagira icyo ashaka kugeraho akaba yakoresha urugomo mw’izina ry’ukwemera.

Duhereye muri kiriya kinyejana cya 19 no hagati y’icyinyejana cya 20, ibyitwa Ivugurura( Réforme twabigabanyamo ibyiciro nka bitatu :

Nkuko bigaragara, umurimo w’ivugurura ni urugendo, kandi buri rugendo rugira ingendo yarwo, rugira abihuta baboneka mu b’imbere, rukagira abaseta ibirenge, n’abadatsimbuka. Ubutaha tuzabagezaho ibyo bice byose aho bihurira n’aho bitandukanira.

Mugire umunsi mwiza