U Rwanda n’Isi muri rusange baribuka ku nshuro ya 26 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 ubwo inzirakarengane zisaga miliyoni zicwaga amahanga arebera kugeza ubwo RPF yahagarikaga ubu bwicanyi, bimwe mu butazibagirana mu mateka y’Isi bwabaye mu kinyejana cya 20.
Urwego n’ubugome ubwo bwicanyi bwakoranywe byashenguye Isi yose, ariko nta gihugu na kimwe cyagize ubushake bwo gutabara ngo gihagarike ubwo bwicanyi. Abenshi mu bicwaga biciwe mu midugudu yabo cyangwa mu mijyi yabo, benshi bicwa n’abaturanyi babo ndetse na bagenzi babo. Agatsiko k’intagondwa z’Abahutu kagiye gahigira abagombaga kwicwa mu nsengero, mu mashuri n’ahandi.
Interahamwe zakoze ubu bwicanyi zikoresheje imihoro n’imbunda. Abanyarwanda basaga 1.000.000 barishwe, hafi 70% by’Abatutsi bose bari mu gihugu. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryari ryinshi, aho abagore bagera ku 250.000 kugeza 500.000 bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya jenoside.
Byabaye ngombwa ko FPR isubukura intambara jenoside imaze gutangira yigarurira ibice bitandukanye by’igihugu ihagarika jenoside ihatira guverinoma y’Abatabazi n’abakoraga jenoside gufata iy’ubuhungiro bahungira muri Zayire.
Inkuru iri inyuma ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi itangirana n’ubukoloni
Gutandukana hagati y’Abahutu n’Abatutsi ntibyaturutse ku gutandukana kw’amadini cyangwa umuco, ahubwo byaturutse ku bukungu. “Abahutu” bari abantu batunzwe n’ubuhinzi, naho “Abatutsi” bari abantu batunzwe n’ubworozi. Abanyarwanda benshi bari Abahutu. Buhoro buhoro, ayo macakubiri yo mu byiciro yagaragaye nk’amoko.
Igice cya Afurika y’iburasirazuba kirimo u Rwanda cyari gikoronijwe n’u Budage kuva mu 1897 kugeza mu 1918. U Rwanda rwaje kuragizwa u Bubiligi hashingiwe ku bubasha bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi yose, kimwe n’u Burundi bituranye.
Hadutse ikiswe Impinduramatwara yo mu 1959 (Bamwe bafata nk’Impinduramatwara y’Abahutu) yatumye Abatutsi bagera ku 330.000 bahunga, mu gihugu hasigara mbarwa. Mu ntangiriro za 1961, Abahutu bari bamaze gutsinda, umwami yahatiwe kujya mu buhungiro maze hatangazwa ko igihugu gihindutse repubulika. Nyuma y’amatora y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye muri uwo mwaka, u Bubiligi bwahaye u Rwanda ubwigenge ku mugaragaro muri Nyakanga 1962.
Inyandiko n’ubuhamya butandukanye bigaragaza ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko ryakomeje mu myaka yakurikiye ubwigenge. Bigeze mu 1973, itsinda rya gisirikare, ryiganjemo abakomokaga mu majyaruguru y’igihugu ryahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Kayibanda Gregoire rishyiraho Jenerali Majoro Juvenal Habyarimana.
Uyu yayoboye igihugu mu myaka 20 yakurikiyeho. Yashinze ishyaka aryita MRND ryayoboye igihugu ryonyine kugeza mu ntangiriro za 90 ubwo yahatirwaga kugendera kuri politiki y’amashyaka menshi. Yatorewe kuba perezida hashingiwe ku itegeko nshinga rishya ryemejwe mu 1978, yongera gutorwa mu 1983 na 1988, aha hose akaba yariyamamazaga nk’umukandida rukumbi ntawe bahanganye.
Mu 1990, ingabo za FPR, zigizwe ahanini n’impunzi z’Abatutsi zari zirambiwe kuba mu buhungiro, zateye u Rwanda ziva muri Uganda. Habyarimana yashinje Abatutsi bari mu gihugu kuba ibyitso bya FPR maze amagana yabo atabwa muri yombi.
Hagati ya 1990 na 1993, abayobozi muri leta bayoboye ubwicanyi bwagendaga bukorerwa Abatutsi hicwa abagera muri magana. Mu 1992 habayeho guhagarika imirwano impande zombi zari zihanganye, Leta y’icyo gihe na FPR, zijya mu mishyikirano.
Muri Kanama 1993, Habyarimana yashyize umukono ku masezerano i Arusha, muri Tanzaniya, yemera ishyirwaho rya guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yagombaga kuba irimo na FPR.
Imbuga zitandukanye nka History.com zivuga ko aya masezerano yo kugabana ubutegetsi yarakaje intagondwa z’Abahutu, zigahita zifata ingamba zihuse kandi ziteye ubwoba zo kubikumira.
Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi iratangira
Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, indege yari itwaye Habyarimana na Perezida w’u Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira yarasiwe mu kirere cy’umurwa mukuru wa Kigali, mu bari bayirimo nta n’umwe warokotse. (Ntabwo byigeze byemezwa bidasubirwaho abahanuye iyi ndege abo ari bo. Bamwe bashinje intagondwa z’Abahutu, abandi bashinja FPR).
Mu gihe cy’isaha imwe indege imaze guhanuka, abari bashinzwe kurinda Perezida, bamwe mu ngabo z’igihugu (EX-FAR) n’imitwe yitwara gisirikare y’Interahamwe n’Impuzamugambi bahise batangira gushinga za bariyeri hirya no hino Abatutsi hamwe n’abahutu bashyira mu gaciro batangira kwicwa.
Mu bantu ba mbere bahitanywe na jenoside harimo Minisitiri w’intebe, Agathe Uwilingiyimana n’abasirikare 10 b’Ababiligi bishwe ku ya 7 Mata. Ubugizi bwa nabi bwateje icyuho cya politiki, muri Mata hashingwa guverinoma y’agateganyo yiswe iy’Abatabazi yari igizwe n’intagondwa z’Abahutu n’ibikomerezwa mu buyobozi bw’ingabo. Iyicwa ry’abasirikare babungabungaga amahoro b’Ababiligi ryatumye bava mu Rwanda, naho Loni itegeka ingabo zayo kuzagira icyo zikora ari uko zirwanaho gusa ariko nta kwivanga mu byabaga ngo zibe zatabara.
Ubwicanyi bwakwirakwiye mu gihugu
Ubwicanyi bwibasiye imbaga muri Kigali bwahise bukwirakwira n’ahandi hasigaye mu Rwanda . Mu byumweru bibiri bya mbere, abayobozi b’inzego z’ibanze hagati no mu majyepfo y’igihugu ahari higanje Abatutsi bagerageje kurwanya jenoside. Ku itariki ya 18 Mata aba bayobozi bari banze kumvira bakuweho ndetse benshi muri bo nabo baricwa.
Abayobozi bahembye abicanyi ibiryo, ibinyobwa, ibiyobyabwenge n’amafaranga. Amaradiyo yatewe inkunga na leta atangira guhamagarira abasivili basanzwe bo mu Rwanda kwica abaturanyi babo.
Hagati aho, FPR yubuye imirwano, intambara ikomeza ari nako jenoside irimo gukorwa. Mu ntangiriro za Nyakanga, ingabo za FPR zari zimaze kwigarurira ibice byinshi by’igihugu harimo na Kigali.
Abanyarwanda basaga miliyoni 2, biganjemo Abahutu nabo bahunze u Rwanda, bateranira mu nkambi z’impunzi muri Congo (icyo gihe yitwaga Zayire) no mu bindi bihugu bituranye n’u Rwanda.
Nyuma yo gutsinda urugamba no guhagarika jenoside, FPR yashyizeho Guverinoma y’Ubumwe bw’Igihugu ihuriweho ijya gusa n’iyumvikanyweho i Arusha, Pasteur Bizimungu, aba perezida naho Paul Kagame aba visi perezida na minisitiri w’ingabo.
Uruhare rwa Hutu Power
Mu myaka ya mbere y’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana, ubukungu bwateye imbere cyane kandi bigabanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa Abatutsi. Imibare myinshi y’abarwanyaga Abatutsi yagumyeho, ariko, harimo n’umuryango wa Agathe Habyarimana, wari uzwi ku izina ry’Akazu kandi perezida yabashingiyeho kugira ngo akomeze ubutegetsi bwe.
Igihe FPR yateraga mu Kwakira 1990, Habyarimana hamwe n’abakomeye bakoresheje ubwoba bw’abaturage kugira ngo bateze imbere gahunda yo kurwanya Abatutsi [74] haza kuvuka ikiswe Hutu Power. Abatutsi barushagaho kurebwa nk’ibyitso. Kuwa 11 Ukwakira 1990 muri Gisenyi, hishwe Abatutsi 383.
Itsinda ry’abasirikare n’abagize guverinoma bashinze ikinyamakuru cyitwa Kangura, cyamamaye mu gihugu hose. Iki cyagiye gisohora poropagande zo kurwanya Abatutsi, harimo n’amategeko icumi y’Abahutu, umurongo ngenderwaho ugaragara w’amabwiriza ashingiye ku ivangura, harimo no kwita Abahutu bashakanye n’Abatutsi “abagambanyi”.
Mu 1992, havutse ishyaka riharanira kurengera Repubulika (CDR), ryari rifitanye isano n’ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, ariko rirushijeho guheza inguni, maze riteza imbere gahunda yo kunenga perezida rimushinja korohera FPR.
Nyuma y’amasezerano yo guhagarika imirwano mu 1992, intagondwa zitari nke muri guverinoma n’ingabo z’u Rwanda zatangiye gucura umugambi wo kurwanya perezida, bahangayikishijwe n’uko Abatutsi bashobora gushyirwa muri guverinoma.
Habyarimana yagerageje kuvana intagondwa mu myanya ikomeye y’ingabo, ariko ntiyabigeraho byuzuye; abantu nka ba Col. Theoneste Bagosora bari bafitanye isano n’Akazu bagumye mu buyobozi bikomeza gutuma kagira ijambo ku butegetsi.
Mu mwaka wa 1992, habayeho ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi hirya no hino mu gihugu kugeza muri Mutarama 1993 bwaguyemo byibuze abantu 300.
Imyitwarire y’Umuryango mpuzamahanga
Kimwe no mu marorerwa yakozwe mu cyahoze ari Yugosilaviya mu gihe kimwe, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga nabwo wigiriye ku ruhande urarebera muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Aho gutabara, muri Mata 1994, Akanama k’Amahoro n’Umutekano ka Loni katoye gukura mu Rwanda ingabo hafi ya zose zari muri MINUAR. Mu gihe amakuru kuri jenoside yari akomeje gukwirakwira hirya no hino hagati muri Gicurasi, aka kanama katoye noneho gushaka ingabo zigera ku 5,000 zo koherezwa mu Rwanda, ariko izi ngabo zagiye kuboneka jenoside imaze amezi irangiye.
Mu gutabara kw’Abafaransa kwemejwe na Loni, ingabo z’Abafaransa zinjiye mu Rwanda zivuye muri Zayire mu mpera za Kamena. Imbere y’umuvuduko wa FPR, bagarukiye gusa ku “karere k’ubutabazi” kashyizweho mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda, batabara abantu mbarwa banafasha bamwe mu bateguye itsembabwoko, bafatanyije n’Abafaransa ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana, guhunga.
Nyuma ya jenoside, abantu benshi bakomeye mu muryango mpuzamahanga binubiye uko Isi yose yitwaye muri iki kibazo ndetse no kuba itaragize icyo ikora hagamijwe gukumira ayo mahano.
Uwahoze ari Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa Loni, Boutros Boutros-Ghali mu kiganiro na PBS Frontline yagize ati: “Kunanirwa ku Rwanda gukubye inshuro 10 kunanirwa kuri Yugosilaviya. Kuberako muri Yugosilaviya umuryango mpuzamahanga wari ushishikajwe, wabigizemo uruhare. Mu Rwanda nta muntu n’umwe wari ushishikajwe. ”
Ibivugwa ku itegurwa rya jenoside
Abahanga mu by’amateka benshi bavuga ko itsembabwoko ryateguwe mbere y’iyicwa rya Habyarimana, nubwo batemeranya ku munsi nyawo igitekerezo cy’igisubizo cya nyuma cyo kwica Abatutsi bose bo mu Rwanda cyashinze imizi.
Gerard Prunier yanditse ko ari mu 1992, igihe Habyarimana yatangiraga gushyikirana na FPR, mu gihe umunyamakuru Linda Melvern yavuze ko ari mu 1990, nyuma y’igitero cya mbere FPR.
Mu 1990, ingabo zatangiye guha abasivili intwaro nk’imipanga, maze zitangira gutoza urubyiruko rw’Abahutu urugamba, ku mugaragaro nka gahunda yo “kurengera abaturage” kurwanya iterabwoba rya FPR, ariko nyuma izo ntwaro zaje gukoreshwa mu gushyira mu bikorwa jenoside.
U Rwanda kandi rwaguze za grenade nyinshi n’amasasu guhera mu mpera za 90, mu masezerano na Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wari Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga wa Misiri icyo gihe woroheje igurwa ry’ibikoresho byinshi bya gisirikare u Rwanda rwaguze na Misiri.
Ingaruka no Kongera kwiyubaka
Nyuma y’imyaka 26 u Rwanda ruvuye muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, Abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga barugenda bagaragaza ko batangazwa n’impinduka zarubayemo mu birebana n’iterambere kuko rwiyubatse ruhereye ku busa, ibifatwa nk’inkingi ihamye ku iterambere ry’ahazaza harwo. Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yarangiye u Rwanda rugaragarira benshi nk’igihugu cyazahaye, ibyo bita ‘failed state’ mu rurimi rw’Icyongereza.
Ubukungu bwarwo bwari ku gipimo kirenga 50% munsi ya zero. Kwiyubaka kw’igihugu byajyanye no kwiyubaka kw’abagituye bari barashegeshwe na jenoside benshi bagifite ibikomere, igihugu cyuzuye impfubyi, abapfakazi ndetse n’incike.
Impinduramatwara mu Rwanda rwa nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, yahereye ku kubanza gusobanukirwa ibibazo byari bihari no kubishakira umuti unogeye Abanyarwanda.
Mu kuvugutira umuti ibibazo, harimo no guca umuco wo kudahana bihereye ku bakoze jenoside. Hatekerejwe ubutabera bwunga bwanyuze mu nkiko gacaca zaciye imanza zikabakaba miliyoni 2 mu gihe cy’imyaka 10 uhereye mu 2002.
Mu myaka 25 ishize, binyuze muri Gahunda y’imbaturabukungu, icyerekezo 2020, n’izindi ngamba z’iterambere abaturage babarirwa muri 40% bavuye mu bukene ndetse abasaga miliyoni bava mu bukene bukabije, n’icyizere cyo kubaho ku munyarwanda kiva ku myaka 29.1 mu ntangiriro z’umwaka w’1990, kuri ubu kikaba kigeze hafi ku myaka 68.
Nta gushidikanya ko bimwe mu byagejeje u Rwanda aho ruhagaze kuri ubu, harimo kugira ubuyobozi bureba kure, kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi bakanagira uruhare mu miyoborere, politiki idaheza mu nzego zose z’ubuzima bw’igihugu, gahunda zihariye zo kwishakamo ibisubizo, guteza imbere ishoramari, ubukerarugendo, ikoranabuhanga no gushyira hamwe kw’abanyarwanda muri rusange.
