Menya ubwambuzi bushukana ndengakamere 5 bwa mbere bwo mu kinyajana cya 21

Ubwambuzi bushukana buzwi nka “Ponzi Scheme”, bwitiriwe umutekamutwe w’icyamamare, Charles Ponzi kuva mu myaka ya za 1920, kandi bwakoreshejwe mu buriganya bw’imari ku Isi. Ubu buryo bukora binyuze mu gusezeranya inyungu nyinshi abashoramari no gukoresha abandi bashoramari bashya mu kwishyura abashoramari ba mbere. Iyi niyo mpamvu ubu butekamutwe na none buzwi nka ” Pyramide scheme,” abashoyemo imari mbere bishyurwa n’abashya.

Uburiganya nk’ubu burakomeje kugeza n’uyu munsi mu buryo butandukanye hirya no hino ndetse no mu Rwanda, binyuze mu kwamamaza mu nzego nyinshi.

Dore ubutubuzi 5 buteye ubwoba bwo mu kinyejana cya 21

Mutual Benefits Corporation : Miliyoni 835$

Joel Steinger umuyobozi mukuru w’ikigo cy’inyungu rusange (Mutual Benefits Corporation), yakatiwe igifungo cy’imyaka 20, imyaka itatu yo gufungishwa ijisho, anategekwa kwishyura miliyoni 15 z’amadolari n’umucamanza w’akarere muri Amerika, Robert N. Scola. Jr. Steinger ni we warezwe bwa nyuma wahamwe n’icyaha mu birego 13 bifitanye isano n’ubutekamutwe bwakozwe naMBC, aho bivugwa ko yashutse abagera ku 30.000.

Nk’umuyobozi mukuru wa MBC, Steinger, n’abo bafatanyije; Steven Steiner, Michael McNerney, na Anthony M. Livoti, Jr., Esq., N’abandi, bakusanyije asaga miliyari 1.25 z’amadolari y’abashoramari mbere yo gufungirwa n’abashinzwe kugenzura ibikorwa bya leta muri Gicurasi 2004. Mugihe ibirego byatangwaga mu Kuboza 2009, igihombo cy’abashoramari cyabarirwaga muri miliyoni zisaga 800 z’amadolari.

Scott Rothstein: Miliyari 1.2$

Scott W. Rothstein, umunyamategeko wambuwe uburenganzira kandi wahoze ari umunyamigabane, umuyobozi, akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru w’ikigo gitanga ubwunganizi mu mategeko cya Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler ubu kitagikora, yashinjwe gutera inkunga ibikorwa bye by’ubugiraneza, gutera inkunga abanyapolitiki bo muri Florida, kwishyura imishahara y’abanyamategeko b’iki kigo, ndetse no kubaho imibereho idasanzwe akoresheje miliyari 1.2 $ yavuye mu bwambuzi bushukana.

Scott Rothstein ubwe yishyikirije abayobozi ahita atabwa muri yombi, mu 2010 akatirwa imyaka 50 y’igifungo, nubwo ubushinjacyaha bwari bwamusabiye imyaka 40.

Jeffrey Keith Skilling

Jeffrey Skilling,ni Umunyamerika wahoze ari umucuruzi kandi wahamijwe icyaha wamenyekanye cyane nk’umuyobozi mukuru wa Enron Corporation mu gihe cy’ibara rya Enron. Mu 2006, yahamijwe ibyaha bijyanye no gusenyuka kwa Enron, amaherezo akatirwa imyaka 24 y’igifungo. Mu mwaka wa 2013, Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yagiranye amasezerano na Skilling, bituma imyaka icumi igabanywa ku gihano yari yahawe kigera ku myaka 14.

Yimuriwe mu nzu igeze hagati muri Kanama 2018, arekurwa muri gereza muri Gashyantare 2019, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 12 afunze. Yahamwe n’icyaha kimwe cy’ubugambanyi, ibirego 12 by’uburiganya mu by’umutekano, kimwe cyo kugurisha imigabane y’ikigo binyuranyije n’amategeko, n’ibyaha bitanu byo kubeshya abagenzuzi b’imari.

Igihombo cya Enron, kinini mu mateka y’Amerika igihe cyatangazwaga mu Ukuboza 2001, cyatwaye abakozi 20.000 akazi kabo. Byongeye kandi, benshi muribo batakaje ibyo bari barizigamiye ubuzima bwabo. Abashoramari nabo batakaje amamiliyari. Skilling na benshi mu bayobozi b’ikigo bari baragurishije igice kinini cy’imigabane yabo bwite ya Enron mbere yo guhomba, bunguka byinshi.

Fanya Metal Exchange

Mu mpera za 2015, ikigo Fanya Metal Exchange cyo mu Bushinwa (cyatangiye gukora kuva mu 2011 kugeza 2015) cyahagaritse imirimo. Nyuma byaje kwemezwa ko byatewe n’ubutekamutwe bwa Ponzi no kunyereza umutungo. Uwagishinze, Shan Jiuliang, yakatiwe igifungo cy’imyaka 18. Abahawe inguzanyo barenga 220.000 batakaje miliyari 43 z’Ama-Yuan (miliyari 6.7 $).

Iki kigo cyashinzwe mu 2011 nk’urubuga mpuzamahanga rw’ubucuruzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro adasanzwe kandi kizamurwa n’abayobozi ba leta ya Yunnan. Cyamamaje inyungu igera kuri 13.7% na ‘zero risk’ cyangwa ko nta ngaruka n’imwe ku bashoramari. Mu myaka itatu kimaze gushingwa, iki kigo cyakusanyije miliyari 6.4 z’amadolari mu bashoramari 220.000 mu gihugu hose.

Mu mwaka wa 2015, cyahagaritse ibijyanye no kukibikuzamo amafaranga gihagarika na konti zacyo, bituma haduka imyigaragambyo ikomeye y’ababerewemo imyenda muri Shanghai, Beijing no mu yindi mijyi minini. Abahohotewe bateraniye hanze ya komisiyo ishinzwe kugenzura amasoko y’u Bushinwa (CSRC) bashinja Fanya Metal Exchange n’abayobozi ba CSRC gushyigikira uburiganya bw’amafaranga.

Abayobozi 21 ba Yunnan, uwashinze ikigo, Shan Jiuliang, bashinjwe kunyereza umutungo no kwangiza amasoko y’imari mu rukiko rwisumbuye rw’abaturage rwa Kunming mu mwaka wa 2018. Iki kigo cyaciwe amande ya miliyari imwe y’amadorari (miliyoni 149.04 $) kubera gukusanya inkunga mu buryo butemewe, maze Shan akatirwa imyaka 18 y’igifungo.

KGTA Petroleum, Ltd

Muri Kamena 2014, Komisiyo ishinzwe kurinda abashoramari yavuze ko Tom Abraham na Kenneth Grant sosiyete yabo KGTA Petroleum, Ltd., abanyamigabane Jeffrey Gainer na Jerry Cicolani, hamwe n’abandi bateguye cyangwa bafashije mu guteza Imbere ubwambuzi bushukana bwa “Ponzi Scheme” bufite aho buhuriye na KGTA, isosiyete ikora ubucuruzi bwa peteroli yakuraga inyungu mu kugura no kugurisha amavuta ya peteroli n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Grant na Abdallah bashinjwaga gukoresha KGTA mu bwambuzi bushukana bwa Ponzi scheme.

Icyemezo cyo kugura peteroli nticyigeze kibaho kandi KGTA ntabwo yigeze igurisha lisansi cyangwa amavuta ku baguzi bavugwa nk’uko byavuzwe mu kirego. Mu buryo bw’uburiganya, KGTA ngo yakoresheje amwe mu mafaranga yakusanyijwe mu bashoramari bashya kugirango yishyure abashoramari b’abahimbano ba mbere.

Abraham na Grant bombi bakusanyije byibuze miliyoni 20.73 z’amadolari hagati y’itariki ya 8 Ukwakira 2012, na Gashyantare 2013. Mu Kwakira 2016, Grant, Abdallah, Jerry Cicolani, Jeffrey Gainer, Mark George, na Kelly Hood bakatiwe igifungo.

Src: lsemarketcap.com