Mu isi ya none, amakuru ni kimwe mu bikoresho bikomeye kurusha ibindi. Ashobora kubaka amahoro, akigisha abaturage, akabahuza, ariko nanone ashobora gukoreshwa mu kuyobya abantu no kubemeza ibintu batari kwemera iyo baba bafite amakuru yuzuye.
Ni muri urwo rwego icyegeranyo cyiswe “How The Government Manipulates Facts | Secrets and Lies” cigaragaza uburyo ubutegetsi, inzego za gisirikare n’ibitangazamakuru bikomeye byakoreshejwe mu guhindura imyumvire y’abaturage ku ntambara zabaye muri Iraq na Afghanistan.
Iki cyegeranyo gitangirwa ubuhamya n’umunyamakuru wahoze akurikirana intambara, uvuga ko ibyo yabonye ku rugamba bitandukanye cyane n’ibyo abaturage babwirwaga bari mu ngo zabo.
Intangiriro y’uburyo bwo kugenzura ibitekerezo by’abantu
Iki cyegeranyo cyigaruka ku mateka ya Edward Bernays, umwe mu bantu bafatwa nk’abashinze urwego rw’itangazamakuru ry’ubucuruzi n’imenyekanisha.
Bernays yizeraga ko abantu badashobora gufata imyanzuro ishingiye ku kuri gusa, ahubwo ko bashobora kuyoborwa n’amarangamutima yabo. Bityo, aho guha abaturage amakuru yuzuye, ababwiraga ibintu bibatera ubwoba, urwango cyangwa icyizere kugira ngo bafate imyanzuro runaka.
Iyi nyigisho yaje gukoreshwa cyane muri politiki no mu ntambara.
Intambara igurishwa nk’igicuruzwa
Nk’uko umuntu ashobora kugurisha ikinyobwa cyangwa imodoka, ni ko na politiki ishobora kugurisha intambara.
Iki cyegeranyo cyivuga ko mbere y’uko Amerika itera Iraq mu 2003, abaturage benshi babanje kubwirwa ko ubutegetsi bwa Saddam Hussein bufite intwaro zica imbaga kandi ko bushobora guteza akaga isi yose.
Abaturage benshi baje gushyigikira iyo ntambara kuko bumvaga ari uburyo bwo kwirinda.
Nyuma y’igihe, byaje kugaragara ko izo ntwaro zari zaravuzwe zitabonetse, ibintu byatumye benshi bibaza niba abaturage barahawe amakuru nyayo mbere y’ifatwa ry’icyo cyemezo gikomeye.
Umunyamakuru uhora hafi y’ingabo ashobora gutakaza ubwigenge
Kimwe mu bice bikomeye bw’iki cyegeranyo ni ikivuga ku buryo abanyamakuru bashyirwaga mu matsinda y’ingabo, uburyo buzwi nka “embedded journalism”.
Mu buryo busanzwe, umunyamakuru aba agomba gukurikirana ukuri aho ari hose. Ariko iyo ubuzima bwe, ibiribwa, uburyo bwo gutwara n’umutekano we byose bishingiye ku ngabo zimwakiriye, biragorana cyane kunenga cyangwa gutangaza amakuru ashobora kuzibangamira.
Abatanze ubuhamya muri iki cyegeranyo bavuga ko hari amakuru menshi yerekeye imibabaro y’abaturage, ibitero byahitanye abasivili n’ingaruka z’intambara atigeze agaragara ku mateleviziyo akomeye.
Ibyo byatumye abaturage babona isura imwe gusa y’intambara.
Isura y’intambara abaturage babona si yo bahura na yo ku rugamba
Mu gihe abaturage babonaga amashusho y’ingabo ziri gutsinda urugamba cyangwa abaturage bishimiye impinduka, ku rundi ruhande hari imiryango yatakazaga ababyeyi, abana n’abavandimwe.
Iki cyegeranyo cyerekana ko intambara idahitana abasirikare gusa, ahubwo ko akenshi abasivili ari bo bahura n’ingaruka zikomeye.
Abana babura amashuri, ibitaro bikangirika, abaturage bakimuka, ubukungu bugasenyuka.
Nyamara aya mateka akenshi ntiyitabwaho nk’uko byitabwaho iyo ababaye ari abaturage bo mu bihugu bikomeye.
“Abazize intambara b’ingenzi” n’“abatari ingenzi”
Iki cyegeranyo cyivuga igitekerezo kizwi nka “Abazize intambara b’ingenzi” n’“abatari ingenzi”
Bisobanura ko hari igihe itangazamakuru ritanga umwanya munini ku bantu bishwe n’abo rifata nk’abanzi, ariko rikirengagiza cyangwa rikagabanya uburemere bw’abishwe n’impande zishyigikiwe n’ibihugu bikomeye.
Iyo bigenze bityo, ubuzima bw’abantu butangira guhabwa agaciro gatandukanye bitewe n’uwo ari we.
Icyo ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye by’itangazamakuru ridakora akazi karyo mu bwisanzure.
Uruhare rw’abatangabuhamya n’imiryango itangaza amabanga ya Leta, nka WikiLeaks.
Abayikoze bavuga ko demokarasi ikomeye iba ishingiye ku baturage bafite amakuru yuzuye.
Iyo amakuru yose agenwa na Leta cyangwa inzego za gisirikare gusa, abaturage bashobora gufata imyanzuro batamenye ukuri kwose.
Ni yo mpamvu abantu batinyuka gutangaza inyandiko z’ibanga, amakuru yihishe cyangwa ibimenyetso by’ibikorwa bitemewe bafatwa nk’abafasha abaturage kumenya ukuri, nubwo rimwe na rimwe bahura n’ibibazo bikomeye.
Inshingano nyamukuru z’umunyamakuru atari ukwandika ibyo abayobozi bamubwiye gusa. Ahubwo inshingano ze ni ugushaka amakuru, kuyagenzura, kuvugisha impande zitandukanye no kubaza ibibazo bikomeye n’iyo byabangamira abafite ubutegetsi.
Itangazamakuru nyaryo rigomba kuba ijwi ry’abaturage aho kuba ijwi ry’abafite imbaraga.
