Mu minsi ishize hari inkuru yavuze ko icyorezo cya Covid-19 kimaze kwica Abanyamerika baruta abo iki gihugu cyatakarije mu ntambara ya Vietnam, ibyatumye abenshi bibaza kuri iyo ntambara Abanyamerika bagereranya na Covid-19 ikomeje koreka Isi.
Birasa n’aho mbere y’uko icyorezo cyaduka nta kindi kintu cyari cyarakanze umuturage wa Amerika kirenze intambara yo muri Vietnam. Iyi ntambara abenshi bazi nka Indochine II, yabaye hagati ya 1955 na 1975 isakiranya Vietnam ya Ruguru yari ishyigikiye amatwara y’aba-Communiste na Vietnam y’Epfo yayarwanyaga.
Nkuko tubikesha urubuga history.com ni intambara yaguyemo ababirwa muri miliyoni enye barimo abasirikare n’abasivili, ikaba yaratijwe umurindi n’intambara y’ubutita yari imaze igihe ica ibintu hagati ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika n’iz’Abasoviyeti biyunze.
Intambara yo muri Vietnam yarangiye mu 1975, Vietnam y’Amajyepfo n’Abanyamerika bari bayishyigikiye batsinzwe na Vietnam ya ruguru yari ishyigikiwe na Leta zunze ubumwe z’abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu nk’Ubushinwa.
Intandaro y’intambara yo muri Vietnam.
Iyi ntambara ifite umuzi ku ntambara ya kabiri y’Isi yabaye mbere y’imyaka 10 itangiye. Amateka atubwira ko mu ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, ingabo z’u Buyapani zigaruriye Vietnam. Abanya-Vietnam bari barambiwe ubukoloni bayobowe n’uwitwa Ho Chi Minh wagenderaga ku mahame y’aba-Communiste y’u Bushinwa n’Abasoviyete, bashinze umutwe bise Viet Minh washakaga ko Vietnam yigenga ku Bufaransa bwari bumaze imyaka myinshi bwarayikoronije.
Nyuma yo gutsindwa intambara ya kabiri y’Isi mu 1945, u Buyapani bwakuye ingabo zabwo muri Vietnam, iki gihugu gisigara mu maboko y’umwami w’abami Bao Dai, wari ushyigikiwe n’u Bufaransa.
Abayapani bakiva muri Vietnam ingabo za Ho zahise zifata umujyi Hanoi zihita zitangaza ishingwa rya Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Vietnam, hanyuma Ho ayibera Perezida. Ni Repubulika yari ishyigikiwe n’Abasoviyeti n’u Bushinwa.
Ubufaransa na bwo bwashatse uko burwana ku mwami Bao kugira ngo bumufashe kubohoza Hanoi, maze muri Nyakanga mu 1949 bushyiraho leta ya Vietnam yahawe Saigon nk’umurwa mukuru, yo ikaba yari ishyigikiwe n’Abongereza ndetse n’Abanyamerika.
Kuba uruhande rwa Ho n’abarushyigikiye barashakaga igihugu kigendera ku mahame y’aba-communiste, mu gihe Bao n’abamushyigikiye barashakaga Vietnam igendera kuri Capitalisme, byabaye intandaro y’intambara yaguyemo miliyoni z’abasirikare n’abasivili.
Amerika mu ntambara ya Vietnam
Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika zishoye mu ntambara yo muri Vietnam mu 1954, nyuma y’imyaka myinshi amakimbirane yo muri kariya gace atangiye.
Ni amakimbirane yari hagati y’ingabo zo mu majyaruguru kwa Ho no kwa Bao mu majyepfo, yatumye habaho intambara ya Dien Bien Phu muri Gicurasi 1954 yashyize akadomo ku bukoroni bw’Abafaransa.
Ukwirukanwa kw’Abafaransa muri Vietnam kwakurikiwe n’amasezerano yasinyiwe i Genève muri Nyakanga 1954, yagabanyijemo Vietnam ibice bibiri, harimo icya Vietnam ya ruguru yari iyobowe na Ho n’iy’amajyepfo yari iyobowe n’umwami Bao waje guhirikwa mu 1955 n’undi munyapolitiki.
Kuba intambara y’ubutita yari igikomeje icyo gihe, byatumye Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ziyemeza gukarishya ingamba zazo zo kurwanya buri umwe wese wifatanya n’abasoviyete, maze mu 1955 Perezida Dwight D.Eisenhower atangaza ko ashyigikiye Diem wayoboraga Vietnam y’Epfo.
Igisirikare cya Amerika ndetse n’urwego rw’ubutasi bwayo byahaye ubufasha mu myitozo n’ibikoresho ingabo za Diem, zihiga bukware abashyigikiye Vietnam ya ruguru babaga mu majyepfo. Icyo gihe abagera ku 100 000 batawe muri, bamwe baricwa abandi bicwa urubozo.
Mu 1957, abashyigikiye Vietnam ya ruguru ndetse n’abatari bashyigikiye Diem, batangiye kugaba ibitero ku bayobozi ndetse no ku bandi bantu, mu 1959 batangira no kurwana n’ingabo za Vietnam y’amajyepfo.
Mu Ukuboza 1960, abarwanyaga Diem benshi mu majyepfo ya Vietnam baba abashyigikiye amahame y’aba-communiste n’abatayashyigikiye, bashinze umutwe wo kubohora igihugu (NLF) cyangwa Viet Cong, bigomeka ku butegetsi.
Itsinda ryoherejwe na Perezida wa Amerika, John F.Kennedy mu 1961, ryagaragaje ko Diem akeneye ubufasha kugira ngo atsinde NLF.
Perezida Kennedy agendeye ku ihame ry’uko igihugu kimwe cyo muri Aziya y’Epfo nikijya mu matwara y’aba-Communiste n’ibindi bizagikurikira, yongereye ubufasha, maze mu 1962 yohereza ingabo zigera kuri 9,000 muri Vietnam ngo zijye guha umusada Diem.
Ukwivanga kwa Amerika muri politiki ya Vietnam y’Epfo kwagize agahenge, nyuma y’uko Perezida Kennedy yiciwe i Dallas muri Texas agasimburwa na Lyndon B.Johnson.
Muri Werurwe 1965, Perezida Johnson yafashe icyemezo ashyigikiwe n’abanyamerika, yohereza ingabo z’indwanyi mu ntambara ya Vietnam. Muri Kamena abagera ku 82,000 bari muri Vietnam ndetse abayobozi ba gisirikare basaba abandi 175 000 mu mpera za 1965 bo gutiza ingufu Vietnam y’Epfo.
Mu mpera za Nyakanga 1965, Perezida Johnson yohereje abasirikare 100 000, n’abandi 100 000 mu 1966, ibindi bihugu nka Koreya y’Epfo, Thailand, Australia na New Zealand na byo byemera kohereza ingabo muri Vietnam y’Epfo.
Uretse ibitero byo mu kirere kuri Vietnam ya ruguru, ingabo za Amerika n’iza Vietnam y’Epfo, zashyize imbaraga mu kurwanira ku butaka ku mabwiriza ya Gen. William Westmoreland, bishyirwa mu bikorwa na Gen Nguyen Van Thieu i Saigon.
Gen Westmoreland yari ashishikajwe no kwica ingabo nyinshi z’umwanzi kuruta kugarura umutekano mu gihugu, bituma mu 1966, ibice byinshi bya Vietnam y’Epfo byari byahindutse ibitakirangwamo imirwano, ari naho abasivili bose bagombaga kujyanwa ariko abanzi ntibahakandagire.
Abarwanyi bigometse kuri Vietnam y’Epfo bakomeje imirwano bigarurira uduce bari baratakaje, bafashijwe n’ingabo n’ibikoresho bahabwaga na Ho Chi Minh, binyuze muri Cambodia na Laos. Bahabwaga ubufasha kandi n’u Bushinwa na Leta zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete.
Mu Ugushyingo 1967, umubare w’ingabo za Amerika muri Vietnam wari ugeze ku 500 000, abari bamaze gupfa bari 15 058 naho abakomeretse ari 109 527.
Ukwivanga mu ntambara ya Vietnam kwatumye abategetsi ba Amerika batakarizwa ikizere. Uko intambara yakomezaga, bamwe mu basirikare batakarizaga icyizere impamvu zituma Guverinoma yabo ibagumisha muri Vietnam ndetse no kuba Amerika yarakomezaga kuvuga ko intambara yayitsinze. Mu by’ukuri bari baratakaje impamvu y’intambara barimo, batakibona icyo barwanira.
Hagati ya Nyakanga 1966 n’Ukuboza 1973, abasirikare barenga 503 000 bahagaritse intambara bava mu gisirikare. Ibi byatijwe umurindi n’uko abanyamerika benshi babonye amashusho y’intambara kuri televiziyo zabo, bakamagana cyane iyi ntambara ndetse mu Ukwakira 1967 abagera ku 35 000, bigaragambiriza imbere ya Pentagon bayamagana.
Abamaganaga iyi ntambara bavugaga ko abasivili atari abanzi b’abarwanyi ariko ari bo ba mbere barimo kugirwaho ingaruka n’iyi ntambara. Bavugaga kandi ko Amerika ishyigikiye ubutegetsi bwamunzwe na ruswa n’igitugu bwa Saigon [Vietnam y’Epfo].
Abanyamerika batari bashyigikiye iyi ntambara bakajije umurego basaba ko ingabo zabo zivanwa muri Vietnam. Ingabo za mbere zakuweyo abari bakiri mu gisirikare bararakaye, baracitse n’intege, barabihiwe n’ubuzima ndetse batameze neza mu mutwe.
Iherezo ry’intambara ya Vietnam
Intambara hagati ya Vietnam zombi yakomeje kugeza kuwa 30 Mata 1975, ubwo ingabo za Vietnam ya ruguru zafataga Saigon. Muri Mutarama 1973, Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Vietnam ya ruguru, byageze ku masezerano yo gusoza imirwano yeruye hagati y’ibihugu byombi.
Ingaruka z’intambara ya Vietnam
Intambara y’imyaka irenga 20 yasize abagera kuri miliyoni ebyiri z’abanya-Vietnam bishwe, abagera kuri miliyoni eshatu barakomereka n’aho abandi miliyoni 12 bahinduka impunzi. Ibikorwa remezo by’igihugu byarasenyutse, ubukungu burashegeshwa.
Abanyamerika baguye muri iyi ntambara barenga 58,000.
Muri Amerika ingaruka z’intambara ya Vietnam zamaze igihe nyuma y’uko ingabo zayo zihavuye mu 1973. Amerika yakoresheje miliyari zirenga 120$ mu makimbirane ya Vietnam hagati ya 1965-1973, aka kayabo gatuma ibiciro bizamuka, bitera ibibazo ubucuruzi bw’ibikomoka kuri Peteroli mu 1973.
Iyi ntambara kandi yagize ingaruka mu mitekerereze y’abanyamerika ndetse inatandukanya abaturage. Mu barwanye iyi ntambara bahuye n’ipfunwe ryaturutse ku kubwirwa n’abatari bashyigikiye iyo ntambara ko bishe abasivili.
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abasirikare bagera ku 500 000, muri miliyoni eshatu barwanye intambara ya Vietnam, byabagizeho ingaruka zirimo; umuhangayiko, gutandukana n’abo bashakanye, kwiyahura, ubusinzi no kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge.
Intandaro yo gutsindwa kwa Amerika
Abasesenguzi bavuga ko ibyatumye Amerika itsindwa muri Vietnam, harimo umuhate n’impamvu y’intambara. Abarwanyi ba Vietnam ya ruguru barwanaga baharanira ubwigenge ndetse n’amatwara y’aba-Communiste.
Bari bararwanye izindi ntambara zirimo iy’Abafaransa, ari na yo mpamvu yatumye bagira ubunararibonye ndetse bazi n’amayeri y’abanyamerika.
Bari bazi aho barwanira, bazi kwihisha mu mashyamba no mu myobo ku buryo kubavumbura byari bigoye. Bahawe kandi ubufasha n’U Bushinwa na Leta zunze Ubumwe z’abasoviyeti bwa miliyari 2$ nk’ubufasha bwo kurwanya Amerika hagati ya 1965-1968.
Ubu bufasha burimo ubwirinzi 8000 bw’ibisasu by’indege n’ubundi bwirinzi 200 bwa misile z’indege.
Igitero cyashegeshe Abanyamerika ni icyo ku wa 1 Mutarama 1968 ingabo za Vietnam ya ruguru zagabye kuri Vietnam y’Epfo n’abari bayishyigikiye.
Imijyi irenga 30 yagabweho ibitero n’abasirikare barenga 80 000, ibi byeretse abanyamerika ko intambara batazayitsinda kubera izo mbaraga bari babonye zibituyeho. Ni nyuma kandi yo gufatwa kwa ambasade ya Amerika i Saigon.
