Ku itariki ya 26 Nyakanga, abashinzwe kurinda umukuru w’igihugu muri Niger bahiritse ku butegetsi Perezida Mohamed Bazoum mu ihirika ry’ubutegetsi rya gatanu yaryegezweho mu inshuro icyenda zageragejwe muri iki gihugu cya Afurika y’Iburengerazuba kuva mu 2020.
Ibi byatumye Umuryango w’Ubukungu w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburengerazuba (ECOWAS) ufatira ibihano iki gihugu ndetse utanga igihe ntarengwa cy’icyumweru kuri guverinoma y’agateganyo cyo gusubizaho Perezida Bazoum cyangwa hagakoreshwa ingufu za gisirikare.
Ibi bibaye, ntibyaba ari ubwa mbere uyu muryango w’akarere ugizwe n’ibihugu 15 ugize uruhare mu bibazo by’ibihugu biwugize. Umutwe wa gisirikare wa ECOWAS uzwi nka Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), washinzwe mu 1990 kugira ngo ujye utabara mu guhosha amakimbirane ari mu karere.
Dore urutonde rw’aho ECOMOG yatabaye
1990: Liberia
Mu 1989, Charles Taylor yayoboye umutwe w’ingabo mu kurwanya leta ya Liberia, bituma havuka intambara y’abenegihugu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umuryango w’akarere wateye intambwe itigeze ibaho mbere yaho yo gutabara mu 1990. Itsinda rya mbere ry’ingabo 3.000 za ECOMOG ryoherejwe ryari rigizwe n’abasirikare bakomoka muri Nigeria, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, na Sierra Leone hamwe n’abandi basirikare batanzwe na Mali.
Ubutumwa ntibwavuzweho rumwe kubera ihonyorwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu ryakozwe n’aba basirikare, cyane cyane mu gufata abagore ku ngufu, ariko bwagaruye amahoro. Ingabo zagumye muri kiriya gihugu kugeza mu 1996 igihe intambara yarangiraga.
1997: Sierra Leone
Ahandi ECOMOG yakurikijeho ni mu murwa mukuru wa Sierra Leone, Freetown, mu 1997 nyuma yo guhirika guverinoma ya gisivili ya Ahmed Tejan Kabbah wahiritswe na Major Johnny Paul Koroma mu ihirika ry’ubutegetsi rya gisirikare.
Izi ngabo ziyobowe n’ingabo za Nigeria, zimuye igice cy’ingabo za ECOMOG ziva Monrovia, umurwa mukuru wa Liberia, zijya gufata Freetown ziyambura umutwe w’inyeshyamba wa Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Muri Gashyantare 1998, ECOMOG yagabye igitero cyatumye ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bugwa maze Kabbah asubizwa ku butegetsi nk’umuyobozi w’igihugu.
1999: Guinea Bissau
Ubutumwa bwa ECOMOG bwakurikiyeho ni ubutumwa bwo guhagarika imirwano muri Guinea Bissau yadutse nyuma yo gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi mu 1998. Intambara yari hagati y’ingabo za leta zishyigikiwe n’abaturanyi bo muri Senegal na Guinea mu kurwanya abayoboye coup d’etat bagenzuraga ingabo.
Imirwano yakemuwe nyuma y’amasezerano y’amahoro yashyizweho umukono mu Gushyingo 1998 hemejwe guverinoma y’ubumwe bw’igihugu n’amatora mashya mu 1999 ariko haduka amakimbirane mashya muri Gicurasi 1999 yatesheje agaciro ayo masezerano.
Mu Gushyingo, i Abuja hasinywe amasezerano y’amahoro, igice kimwe kivuga ko ingabo za Senegal na Guinea zigomba kuvayo hakoherezwa ingabo za ECOMOG mu rwego rwo kubungabunga amahoro.
2003: Côte d’Ivoire
Nyuma y’uko ingabo za Cote d’Ivoire n’imitwe y’inyeshyamba zumvikanye ku masezerano yo guhagarika imirwano mu 2003, ECOWAS yohereje ingabo mu butumwa bw’Ingabo za ECOWAS muri Côte d’Ivoire (ECOMICI) zijya gufatanya n’Ingabo z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye n’Ingabo z’Abafaransa.
2003: Liberia
Intambara ya kabiri yo muri Liberia nayo yasabye ko ingabo zo mu karere zagaruka. Mu gihe intambara ya mbere y’abenegihugu yazanye Charles Taylor ku butegetsi, intambara ya kabiri y’abenegihugu hagati ya 1999 na 2003 yatumye abuvaho.
Kuri iyi nshuro, ECOWAS yohereje ingabo mu butumwa bwa ECOWAS muri Liberia (ECOMIL) hamwe n’abasirikare bagera ku 3.500, benshi bakaba baraturutse muri Nigeria. Ni ingabo zoherejwe guhagarara hagati y’abarwana kandi zagombaga kubanziriza ubutumwa bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Liberia (UNMIL).
2013: Mali
Ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi mu mwaka wa 2012 muri Mali ryateje umutekano muke maze imitwe yitwaje intwaro yuririra ku ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi ryakurikiye mu kwigarurira amajyaruguru y’igihugu.
ECOWAS yayoboye ubutumwa mpuzamahanga buyobowe na Afurika muri Mali (AFISMA) mu gushyigikira leta ya Mali mu kurwanya inyeshyamba mu 2013.
Ubu butumwa bwahawe umugisha n’Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe umutekano kandi manda yayo ya mbere yari umwaka. Nigeria ni yo yoherejemo ingabo nyinshi, ariko ibindi bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, birimo Gabon, Cote d’Ivoire, Niger na Burkina Faso, na byo byatanze ingabo.
AFISMA yaje gusimburwa n’Ubutumwa bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Mali (MINUSMA).
2017: Gambia
Ubutumwa bwa ECOWAS bwiswe “Operation Restore Democrasy”, bwayobowe na Senegal yohereje ingabo i Banjul guhatira kuva ku butegetsi Yahya Jammel wari wanze kwemera ko yatsinzwe amatora na Adama Barrow mu matora yo mu 2016.
Barrow yarahiririye kuba perezida muri ambasade ya Gambia i Dakar maze asaba ko ingabo za ECOWAS zatabara.
Izina ry’ubwo butumwa ryarahinduwe nyuma rihinduka Ubutumwa bwa ECOWAS muri Gambia (ECOMIG) bukomeza kugeza mu Kuboza 2021.
