Ivugurura ryatangiye rite ? ryatewe n’iki ?
Nyuma y’ibibazo byinshi mu mbaga y’abasilamu, (kwamburwa impugu bategekaga, isubiranyuma mu buhanga bwayoboye isi bukifatirwa n’abandi, abasilamu baricaye baribaza bati : Limadha taakhara al musilimuna wa limadha taqadamu ghayruhum ? = kuki abasilamu dusubira inyuma mu gihe abandi batera imbere ?
Mu gushaka igisubizo cy’ibi bibazo by’ingutu, abasilamu babonetsemo ibice bibiri bitandukanye aribyo bizagena imitekerereze n’imikorere (pensée et action):
•Igice kimwe kiyemeje ihangana kigira kiti : turi abasilamu, dufite ukuri, Imana yaradutereranye kubera ko twataye inyigisho zayo tunatakaza imyitwarire y’abakurambere bacu batubanjirije (salafu salihina). Bayoboka inzira y’ihangana cyane n’abanyaburayi dore ko bari bakomeye aribo bagenga isi muri byose (Ubukungu, ubumenyi).
•Igice cy’abitwaga abavugurura (réformistes) bo mu gihugu cya Tuniziya mu cyiswe umushinga ndangamuntu (identité projet nk’uko Jean Paul Viremme abyita). Bagiraga bati, isi irahinduka, ubumenyi burahinduka, dushobora kwakira ubwenge buvuye ahandi kuko ari ubwacu natwe ndetse tukanasuzuma ibyacu. (Requestionner notre patrimoine). Iyi myifatire yari igamije kwirinda ihangana ahubwo ikakira ibyiza bivuye ahandi nyamara batazibukiriye ibyabo bisanzwe. Ni imyitwarire idaheza, itifungirana ahubwo yagura amarembo ndetse bakanavuga bati abatubanjirije bakoresheje ubuhanga bwo ku gihe cyabo natwe twakoresha ubuhanga bwo ku gihe cyacu tukavugurura imyumvire y’ubutumwa.
Izi mpande zombi zitandukanira kandi kuri iryo subira ku bakurambere beza kuko uretse ko usanga bitazwi, ikibazo cyo kwisunga abakurambere ni gishya nta myaka 80 kiramara. Aya mategeko yemejwe abemera bose (normativité) ni mashya. Impuzamagambo (concept) sharia ntiyagiye isobanura kimwe mu bihe byose.
Mu ntangiriro Sharia yavugaga inzira iyobora (voie qui guide ) iza guhinduka amategeko ahatirwa abantu (droit contraignant) nyuma ishyirwa mu bitabo (codification), ibi byatumye abantu batabyumva kimwe ndetse ntibanabibaho kimwe. Iyi myumvire ntiyigishwa rubanda rw’abasilamu bakunze gushakisha ubumenyi mu misigiti(lieu de culte) kuko byerekanirwa muri za Kaminuza no mu bigo bikora ubushakashatsi.
Baba rero abahisemo inzira y’ihangana n’abahisemo inzira y’ivugurura bifashishije ubumenyi bw’uyu munsi, izo mpande zombi zigaragaramo imbere muri zo kutabivugaho kimwe neza, urugero ni ihangana rihoraho hagati y’aba wahhabistes n’abafrères musulmans buri ruhande rushaka kwiharira ijambo mu mbaga y’abasilamu.
Umwihariko w’abavugurura (critères spécifiques aux réformistes)
Abavugurura (réformistes) barangwa n’ingingo nk’eshanu nk’uko Steven Duart abivuga.
•Impande zose zemeranya ko hari ibibazo mu basilamu. N’ubwo ariko babyemera bose, inzira yo kubicyemura iratandukana niyo mpamvu usanga hari aba réformistes bemera gusubira ku bakurambere ariko ntibahereyo bagashakira n’ahandi mu bundi bumenyi.
•Gushingira ku mahame, amabwiriza cg amategeko bya kisilamu (normativité religieuse) : Ni ikibazo cy’ibanze, kuko ari ngombwa kwigizayo abavuga kw’igihe cy’idini cyarangiye noneho hakisungwa ibitekerezo byemera amahame y’idini.
•Kwagura amarembo ukakira n’ibyiza byava ahandi ugamije kubaka ubusilamu : Ni ukwemera ko n’iw’abandi hakomoka ibikwiye, ugamije kwagura ubusilamu utagamije kubusenya.
•Kugenera ubutumwa abasilamu mu b’ibanze (abasilamu nibo bagenerwabutumwa) : kwita mbere ya byose ku bagenerwabutumwa : abasilamu, nibo aba réformistes bandika ndetse bakanagenera ubutumwa bwabo mbere y’undi uwo ariwe wese.
•Ubumenyi bukwiye mu nyigisho z’ibanze (maitriser le langage du patrimoine islamique classique) : Ntibishoboka k’umuntu yagerageza kuvugurura ibyo atumva, bisaba rero kubimenye mu bumenyi bw’ibanze kandi mu buryo bucukumbuye (langage, amateka, n’inyandiko zose zirebana na islam).
Izi nizo ngingo z’ingenzi zitabwaho n’abiyemeje kuvugurura iby’ubusilamu .
Hakunze kubazwa ikibazo kigira kiti : ese ubundi ni iki kivugururwa ? ni Ubuhanuzi ? ni hadith z’Intumwa y’Imana sw ? Kw’ibyo Imana yatubwiye ko izanabirinda, iryo vugurura rirakenewe ?
Mbere yo gusubiza iki kibazo, umuntu yakwibaza ati : iby’ubusilamu ni ibiki ? Iyo bavuze islam humvikana iki ? humvikana ibyahishuwe n’imvugo z’Intumwa y’Imana gusa ?
Urugero twatanze hejuru ku cyitwa sharia rugaragaza ko islam yakoze urugendo mu mateka y’isi nk’urwo abayoboke bayo bakora. Bityo ibyitwa inyigisho za kisilamu (Ulum din) nabyo byabaye umutungo wa kisilamu. iyo havuzwe islam humvikana Coran nk’ibyahishuwe, Hadith za Muhamad sw inyigisho z’abasangirangendo be, n’indi mirimo y’ubuhanga yakozwe n’abantu mu kwamamaza no kuyiteza imbere.
Uretse kandi n’ibyo noneho na Coran yarasobanuwe haba mu kuyisobanura mu ndimi no kuyisobanura kugirango yumvikane neza. Ivugurura rero rireba icyo gikorwa cya Muntu, cyakozwe n’abantu nk’abandi mu bihe byahise, bikaba rero bivuze ko mu gihe cy’ubu n’ikizaza hagombye kuboneka abavugurura bashingiye ku bumenyi buriho nyamara batabangamiye na gato ubutumwa bw’Imana.
Ikivugururwa si Coran nkuko bamwe babyibaza akaba ari nayo ntandaro yo kubitinya, ikivugururwa ni ibisobanuro n’ibindi bishamikiyeho byayikozweho.
Ubutaha tuzabagezaho uburyo ibyitwa Sharia kizwi nk’amategeko y’Imana gihindagurika mu buzima bw’abasilamu bitewe n’ibihe n’ahantu.
