Amateka y’ubwoko bw’aba Vikings bafatwa nk’ibiremwa by’umwijima byabayeho ku Isi

Ubwoko bw’aba Vikings buvugwa ko ari bwo bwatangije ubwami muri iki gice cya Scandinavia buhereye ku gace gato kitwaga Northumbria. Amateka menshi avuga ko aba Vikings bari abasazi, aha bakabishingira ku myizerere yabo itaragiraga ikintu na kimwe itinya cyangwa ngo yicuze. Abemera Imana bo mu bihe aba Vikings babayeho bavuga ko Vikings rwari urugero rwiza rw’ikibi kiri ku Isi, bamwe bagaheraho babagereranya n’ibiremwa by’umwijima.

Amateka ya Vikings

Mu mwaka wa 793, mu gace ka Northumbria, hari agatsiko k’abaturage b’abarobyi bari batuye mu bice by’umwaro w’inyanja.

Amateka ya Vikings atangirira ku mwaro wa Lindisfarne, bivugwa ko abantu babonye ubwato butangaje buturuka mu Nyanja rwagati, burimo abagabo b’ibigango bitwaje intwaro gakondo nk’amashoka, inkota n’amacumu manini.

Iki ghe icyo batamenye ni uko amajyaruguru y’Isi yari agiye guhangana n’ibikorwa by’ubunyamaswa aba Vikings bakoreraga buri umwe wese bahuye na we.
Mu mwaka wa 793, bivugwa ko ari bwo ubwoko bwa Vikings bwatangiye kwagura ubutaka bwa Scandinavia no kugaba ibitero ku bwami bundi babaga baturanye ariko bakabikora bakoresheje inzira y’amazi.

Amateka kandi avuga ko ibihugu hafi ya byose by’u Burayi, aba Vikings babigezemo, bagasahura imitungo yabyo yose bayijyana muri Scandinavia. Amateka ya Vikings avuga ko bageze muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika mbere ya Christophe Columbus.

Vikings bari bantu ki?

Ubusanzwe Vikings bari abaturage bo mu gace ka Scandinavia, Norway, Sweden, Danemark bari batunzwe n’ubuhinzi nk’akazi kabo ka buri munsi. Nyuma iminsi yagiye iza bagendaga bunguka ubundi bumenyi binjira mu bucuruzi, ubucuzi n’ubukorikori.

Vikings ubusanzwe ngo bari abantu batagira umutima w’ubwoba muri bo, ibi bakabishingira ku myizerere yabo ko umuntu upfanye ubwoba bizeraga ko atajya mu ijuru (Valharara)

Ibitabo by’amateka bisobanura ko ubuhanga n’ubwoba buke bagiraga byatumye batembera Isi bifashishije ubuhanga bagiraga mu kugashya, ari naho abenshi bemeza ko bageze mu majyaruguru ya Amerika mbere ya Christophe Columbus. Vikings bageze mu gace ka Greenland mbere y’undi muntu wese ukekwaho ubuhanga bukomeye muri iyi Si.

Aba Vikings bari abantu badasanzwe, kuko aho bageraga hose bicaga igihumeka bahasanze, nyuma bakiba imitungo yose n’ibyo bakeka ko byaba ubutunzi bakabisahura.

Ubuhanga bw’aba Vikings mu gukora amato no kugashya byabafashaga kugenda ingendo ndende mu nyanja. Ubwato bw’aba Vikings bwabaga bufite ubushobozi bwo gutwara abantu barenga 200.

Ibi byabafashije gutera aho bashaka hose batabangamiwe n’umubare muke w’ingabo cyane ko babaga bafite ubushobzi bwo kujyana ingabo bifuza n’igihe babishakiye.

Aba Vikings bahinduye amateka y’u Burayi , u Burusiya na Amerika ya Ruguru, kuva mu mwaka wa 793 kugeza mu mwaka w’1066.

Aba Vikings kuva mu ntangiriro zabo babagaho mu buzima bugoye, akenshi bwarangwaga no kwimuka kwa hato na hato. Zimwe mu mpamvu zateraga aba Vikings guhora bimuka harimo inzara iturutse ku myuzure yarengeraga ibihingwa byabo, kubyara cyane byatumaga umubare w’abaturage uruta ubushobozi bwabo, amakimbirane y’imbere bapfa ubutware n’ibindi.

Aba Vikings ntibemeraga ko umuntu badahuje imyemerere agomba kubaho. Babagaho mu buzima butangaje, bemera ko umutimana w’umuntu utagira ubwoba ari cyo kimenyetso cyonyine cyageza umuntu mu ijuru.

Ikintu cyambere bari bashingiyeho kwari ukwizera imana zabo, no kuzirinda abakirisitu bazihigaga cyane bavuga ko ari ibigirwamana.

Mu mwaka wa 700 kugeza muri 800, bivugwako abakirisitu bakomoka mu Bufaransa no mu Bwongereza batangiye kujya basura ubwoko bw’aba Vikings mu rwego rwo kubigisha ivanjili n’ubutumwa bwiza. Gusa amateka avuga ko uwabaga ahisemo kujya muri Scandinavia yagombaga gusiga asezeye abandi, kuko yasangaga amashoka y’aba Vikings amutegereje bakamwivugana ataragera naho ajya.

Ubwoko bw’aba Vikings ntibwemeraga icyaha nk’uko abantu bemera ko icyaha kibaho. Imyemerere y’aba Vikings yari ishingiye ku mana yitwaga Odin, bafataga nk’imana nkuru. Hari izindi mana bemeraga nk’izungirije Odin; izo ni Thor, Loki, Baldur, Frigg, Freya, Freyr na Njoror. Buri mana imwe muri izi yabaga ifite umumaro wayo.

Odin, yo se w’imana zose Aba Vikings bemeraga, ikaba imana itanga imbaraga, irinda ingabo ku rugamba n’imana ikuriye izindi .

Thor, yemerwaga nk’imana y’umurinzi w’ubutaka bwa Scandinavia, by’umwihariko ikaba imana y’indwanyi zabo.

Loki, iyi ngo yari imana iteye ubwoba cyane, Loki ngo yari imana igice kimwe ikindi gice ikaba umuntu, iyi bayizeraga nk’imana y’uburumbuke.

Baldur, iyi yari imana ivuka kuri Odin na Frigg, ikaba yari imana y’inyampuhwe. Gusa bamwe bavuga ko mu rupfu rw’iyi mana rwatewe n’ishyari ry’indi mana yitwaga Loki.

Frigg, yari imanakazi, ikaba umugore w’imana nkuru, Odin. Iyi yo umumaro wayo wari ukureberera imiryango yo mu bwoko bw’aba Vikings.

Freya, iyi yari imana y’urukundo n’uburumbuke, ikaba kandi imana iteza imfu n’intambara.

Freyr, iyi yari imana y’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi.

Njoror, yari imana y’inyanja

Aba Vikings bari bafite umuco udasanganwe abandi bantu nko gushyingura uwapfuye mu mazi. Abatware bo mu bwoko bw’aba Vikings bapfuye, bashyirwaga mu bwato bwuzuye inkwi bukoherezwa mu Nyanja rwagati, bwageramo bakaburasaho umwambi bugashya kugeza buhindutse umuyonga.

Abaturage rubanda rusanzwe bashyirwaga mu bwato buto, bakabukarohamisha ku ndiba y’inyanja.

Aba Vikings bafatwa nk’abatangiye kubahiriza uburinganire mbere y’abandi, kuko umugore, umwana cyangwa undi muntu mukuru wese wifuzaga kujya ku rugamba yarabyemererwaga cyane ko gupfira ku rugamba byari ishema rikomeye ku witwa umu Vikings aho ava akagera.

Ibikoresho by’urugamba rw’aba Vikings ntibyagombaga kuburamo ishoka n’inyundo. Ubusanzwe inyundo ngo yari inahagarariye imana Thor, we murinzi w’ingabo ku rugamba

Amateka agaragaza ko aba Vikings bari bafite inyandiko bahuriyeho, gusa ikaba inyandiko iranga n’ibimenyetso (Non Alphabet). Aba Vikings ngo ntibagiraga uburyo budasanzwe bwo kubika inyandiko, gusa aho bageraga bakamara kuhigarurira bahandikaga amagambo yo mu rurimi rwabo, bakayandika ku bisatse binini by’amabuye. Kugeza na n’ubu mu bihugu nka Sweden, Norway na Denmark bene izo nyandiko ziracyahagaragara.

Urutonde rw’abayobozi bayoboye ubwoko bw’aba Vikings ni uru: Ragnar Lothbrok (800-850), Ivar the Boneless, Rollo of Normandy –(911-927), Erik the Red (950 1003), Leif Erikson (970-1024), Hastein ( Hasting( 970-1005), Harald Fairhair ( 872-933), Harold Bluetooth (958-985), Sweyn Forkbeard (986-1014),bCnut the Great( 1016-1035) na Harald Hardrada (1046-1066 ).