Gufatwa, guca urubanza, gushyira mu bikorwa icyemezo cy’urukiko no gufungwa ni inzira ndende y’ubutabera. Iyi nzira igendana n’urusobe rw’ibibazo biremereye urwego rw’ubutabera. Imanza nyinshi, abamaze igihe bafunze bataburana, ubucucike bw’abafunzwe… Ibi bitera kwibaza niba uwakoze icyaha wese ubutabera ahabwa ari ukumufunga. Hari izindi nzira zagakoreshejwe kandi ubutabera bugatangwa ku gihe kandi bwuzuye. Gusa inzira ni ndende.

Mutimura Abed, amenyerewe mu batunganya amashusho akoreshwa mu ndirimbo z’abahanzi mu Rwanda. Muri Gicurasi 2023 yafashwe n’inzego z’umutekano ashinjwa kugurutsa akadege gafata amashusho atabifitiye uburenganzira. Yaraburanye, asabirwa gufungwa imyaka ibiri irimo umwaka umwe usubitse n’ihazabu ya miliyoni eshanu z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda. Nyuma yo kujuririra icyo gihano, urukiko rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwamuhanishije igifungo cy’umwaka umwe usubitse n’ihazabu ya miliyoni ebyiri z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda. Igihe uru rubanza rwarimo, abantu benshi batirengagije ko icyaha yashinjwe giteganywa n’itegeko (nubwo nyirubwite yavugaga ko yari amaze igihe abikora ariko atazi ko ari icyaha) bakomeje kwibaza niba icyo cyaha uwashinjwaga yemeraga, agasabira imbabazi, asanzwe azwi icyo akora n’aho akorera, atagaragaza umugambi mubi w’icyo gikorwa yari yakoze niba kumufunga ari bwo bwari uburyo bwiza bwo kumuhana. Ese ibyo urukiko rwisumbuye rwakoze rumusubikira igihano rukamuca n’ihazabu ntibyashoboraga gukorwa n’umucamanza na mbere hose, atarinze yajya muri gereza kongera umurongo w’imfungwa?

Iki kibazo ni cyo gikomeza kugaruka iyo bigeze ku bwinshi bw’imanza zicibwa zitanganya uburemere, n’ubucucike bw’abahanirwa ibyaha berekezwa iya gereza aho basanga undi mubare munini w’imfungwa ngo barangize ibihano. Nyamara ariko bamwe bafite ibyaha byagahanwe mu buryo budafunga, bakaguma muri sosiyete batanga umusanzu ariko kandi batabereye igihugu umutwaro.

Ubujura, gukubita no gukomeretsa ku bushake ni ibyaha byiganje

Ubwo hatangizwaga umwaka w’Ubucamanza wa 2023-2024, Umushinjacyaha Mukuru, Aimable Havugiyaremye, yagaragaje ko icyaha cy’ubujura, icyo gukubita no gukomeretsa ku bushake bikomeje kwiyongera, kuko uko ari bibiri gusa birengeje 50% y’ibyaha byose bikorwa, bikaba byihariye 59,3% y’ibyaha bikorwa muri rusange. Bikunze gufatirwamo urubyiruko. Isesengura ryakozwe n’ubushinjacyaha ryagaragaje ko ibi byaha akenshi biba bifitanye isano n’ubusinzi. Yagize ati “Abenshi mu rubyiruko rukurikiranwaho icyaha cy’ubujura, ahanini biterwa no gushaka amafaranga yo kwishora mu nzoga no mu biyobyabwenge. Iyo bamaze gusinda ni byo bikunze kuvamo ayo makimbirane bakarwana bikarangira havuyemo icyaha cyo gukubita cyangwa gukomeretsa ku bushake.”

Muri rusange, 72,8% y’ababikora, bari mu kigero cy’imyaka iri munsi ya 30 y’amavuko.

Kuba umubare w’urubyiruko uri hejuru mu barangwamo gukora ibi byaha ni ikintu kibonwa mu ngeri zitandukanye. Imibare iheruka y’Urwego rw’u Rwanda rushinzwe Igorora (RCS) igaragaza ko abantu 89.034 ari bo bafungiye muri gereza 13 zo mu Rwanda bivuye ku bantu 85 000 muri 2022. Gusa iyi mibare ntirimo abari muri za transit centers, ibigo nka IWAWA, kasho na burigade. Muri bo, 7% ni abagore naho abasigaye ni igitsina gabo. Muri aba bafunze, abagera kuri 75,6% barakora ibihano bitarengeje imyaka 30 y’igifungo. Abandi bafungwa 3,6% bakatiwe igihano kirenga imyaka 30, abandi 9,9% bakatiwe igihano cya burundu. RCS ntibusanya n’ubushinjacyaha ku mubare munini w’urubyiruko rufunzwe kuko 57% y’abafunzwe bafite imyaka iri munsi ya 40. Mu mwaka wa 2022, abafungiye ibyaha bari 26,2% bafungiye ibyaha bifitanye isano na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, 17.2% bafungiye ibyaha bijyanye n’ubujura, 11,2% b’ibyaha byo gukubita no gukomeretsa na 11,4% bafungiye ibiyobabwenge. Mu bafunzwe nibura 80% ntibigeze bakandagiza ikirenge cyabo mu mashuri yisumbuye.

Muri Mata 2023, Polisi y’u Rwanda yatangaje ko yataye muri yombi abantu 800 bakekwaho ibyaha by’ubujura mu mezi abiri yari ashize (Gashyantare na Werurwe na Werurwe). Ubu bujura bwari bumaze iminsi uvugwa n’abaturage bijujutiraga ko amatsinda y’abajura abatega akabambura. Uwari umuvugizi wa Polisi y’u Rwanda agashinja urubyiruko cyane kuba ku isonga ry’ibyo bikorwa. Ati “Hari bamwe mu rubyiruko badashobora kugira icyo bakora, birirwa bahagaze. Abo barimo abatarigeze bagera mu ishuri, abarigezemo bakarita, n’abarangije kwiga bakajya mu mijyi. […] Izo nsoresore zirirwa zihagaze ku muhanda zireba abantu bagiye gukora, ku mugoroba zigashaka kubashikuza.” Kabera yavuze ko mu bamaze gutabwa muri yombi 19% ari abari munsi y’imyaka 18, abagera kuri 61% bafite hagati y’imyaka 19 na 30, naho 20% bafite hejuru y’inyaka 30.

Hejuru y’iyi mibare polisi yagaragaje ko muri abo barimo 10% by’abaheruka kuva mu bigo bishinzwe igororamuco bya Nyamagabe na IWAWA (mu mezi abiri yari ashize abasohotse bari ibihumbi bine). Aba Leta iba yafashe umwanya n’ubushobozi ikabigisha kwirinda ubujura no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, ikabigisha imyuga ariko bagera hanze bamwe muri bo bagasubira muri ibyo bikorwa. Ibi by’ubujura, bamwe banabyigira muri gereza. Ibyaha nk’iby’ubushukanyi bukoresheje ikoranabuhanga, aho bamwe mu barimo bahamagara abantu hanze bakoresheje amatelefoni batunze rwihishwa bakabambura amafaranga, abandi ugasanga aho kwiga umwuga wazabafasha, birirwa biga izindi tekiniki zo kwiba n’iz’ubugizi bwa nabi kuri bagenzi babo basanzemo, bagaruka bakaza ari ba ruharwa.

Ubujiji, ubushomeri, ubukene

Kuba bamwe mu bafunzwe kuri urwo rugero batarageze no mu mashuri yisumbuye, bishyira iki icyiciro cy’urubyiruko mu byago byinshi byo gukora ibyaha. Mugabe Christophe, impuguke mu by’imibanire y’abantu (Sociologie) abisobanura atya: “Kuba urubyiruko rutarabashije gukomeza amashuri yisumbuye ubwabyo ni ikibazo gifite isoko mu bushobozi buke bw’imiryango, ku isonga hakazamo ubukene. Gusa hari n’ahandi ushobora gusanga biterwa no kunanirana kw’abana, ariko aho navuga ko imibare ari mike ugereranije n’ababiterwa n’ubukene, amakimbirane mu miryango… Abo rero iyo barebye imbere bakabura icyerekezo, bishora muri mpemuke ndamuke ibashyira mu kaga.”

Iyi mpemuke ndamuke itera bamwe ubujura, igatera abandi ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge, abandi bakishora mu zindi ngeso cyangwa ibindi byaha bagamije gushaka amaronko ya vuba.

Mu gihe kuri bamwe kujya muri gereza ari akaga ku miryango isigara ihangayitse kubera kubura abari bayitunze, abandi bagahangayikishwa n’ibihano bahawe, hari bamwe muri abo ahubwo bahabona nk’ubuhungiro bw’ibibazo barimo mu buzima busanzwe. Nderelimana Glorimas wo mu karere ka Kirehe yafunzwe imyaka 10 muri gereza ya Ntsinda azira gusambanya umwana utaruzuza imyaka y’ubukure. Yarangije igihano mu mwaka wa 2022. Ibi abibera umuhamya agira ati “Hari urubyiruko yemwe n’abantu bakuru bafungaga bagakatirwa nk’imyaka 3, 4 cyangwa 5. Barabarekuraga hashira iminsi tukabona baragarutse, wamubaza impamvu asubiriye ati ‘hanze ubuzima burakomeye no kubona icyo kurya ni danger (birakomeye, Ndlr).“

Kuri Glorimas, bene abo ubuzima burabacanga, bagahitamo gukora ibindi byaha bakagaruka bagafungwa aho nibura babaga bizeye ko bazabona iby’ibanze. Ibi binashimangirwa n’Umuvugizi wa Polisi y’u Rwanda, ubwo yavugaga ku bujura bwari bukomeje kwiyongera mu mezi yashize agira ati “Ati “muri abo harimo n’abavuye muri gereza banamazeyo igihe kirenga imyaka ibiri, nyamara bakomeje kwinangira banze kugororoka.” Mu rwenya rwinshi gusa ruvanze n’agahinda, Mutimura Abed wafungiwe muri gereza ya Mageragere nawe, ati ”Hari uwaje turimo gusenga ati ‘ndagira ngo nshime Imana ko impaye imyaka 10 ntishyura inzu, ntishyura ibiryo’.” Byumvikana ko harimo n’abo gufunga biba bimeze nk’aho ari ukubashyira ahashashe.

Uretse aba, hari n’abandi bakora ibyaha nk’iby’ubujura bakiyemeza gukora uburoko (gufungwa) imyaka yose bazahabwa, bataha ibyo bibye bakazabikomerezaho bubaka ubuzima. Bamwe mu bafunzwe bakunze kuvuga cyane abiba amafaranga mu mabanki, cyangwa bakayiba abantu ubundi bagahakana bivuye inyuma, urukiko rukabakatira ibihano bakabifungirwa, bazataha bakaza bagakomeza ubuzima muri ya mafaranga bibye. Umwe mu bigeze gufungwa agira ati ”Birakorwa cyane, baba bari no muri gereza babyigamba cyane bati ‘vuba nidusohoka tuzaba turyoshye.” Bene aba bakora icyaha babizi kandi babishaka kandi bafite impamvu. Ugasanga no gufungwa bamaze kubipangira ku buryo biba bimeze nko kujyamo kurangiza umuhango.

Benshi mu bishora mu byaha ni abadafite akazi, bahigira imibereho mu buryo bwose babonye. Imibare ya vuba y’Ikigo cy’Ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda igaragaza ko abantu basaga ibihumbi 790 bangana na 17.2% by’Abanyarwanda badafite akazi, aho bagabanutse bavuye kuri 24.3 ku ijana mu Gushyingo 2022. Iyi mibare yakusanyijwe muri Gashyantare 2023 yerekana ko nubwo ubushomeri bwagabanutseho 7.1%, iyo ugereranyije na Gashyantare 2022, bwazamutseho 0.7% kuko icyo gihe bwari kuri 16.5%.

Mu bushomeri, abadafite akazi biganje mu rubyiruko kuko mu bafite imyaka hagati ya 16-24 buri kuri 21.8 ku ijana, mu bafite hagati y’imyaka 25-34 bwari 17.3 ku ijana, mu gihe mu bafite imyaka hagati ya 35-54 bwari 15.7 ku ijana. Ibyiciro bifite ubushomeri bwo hasi ni abafite imyaka hagati ya 55-64 (13.1 ku ijana) n’abarengeje 65 (9.7 ku ijana).

Iyi mibare ni ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko, nk’uko imibare ya RCS yabitangaje hejuru, abari munsi y’imyaka 40 bihariye 80% by’imfungwa, byumvikana neza ko no muri iyi mibare kuva ku myaka 16-34 ubushomeri buri hejuru. Aha niho usanga bamwe bahitamo kwishora mu bujura, abandi mu gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, rimwe na rimwe ugasanga n’abize bafite ubumenyi bashobora gukoresha mu kubaho ahubwo babukoresha mu buryo bubi burimo nk’ubujura bukoresha ikoranabuhanga.

Ubundi buryo bwo gufunga no kugorora

Aganira n’ikinyamakuru igihe.com, Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Umuryango uharanira kubaka igihugu kigendera ku mategeko (CERULAR), Mudakikwa John yagaragaje ko nubwo hari ibigo Leta yashyizeho nk’umuti ushobora kugabanya ubujura bwiganje mu byaha, hakenewe gutekerezwa uburyo nyabwo bwo guherekeza ababivuyemo mu rugendo rwo kwiteza imbere. Ati “Kubajyana muri ibyo bigo biragaruka nanone ku kuba baherekezwa mu gukoresha bwa bumenyi. Nubaha ubumenyi ntihashyirweho uburyo bufatika uturere tuzajya tubafasha, nta kabuza bazabisubiramo kandi ibyo ntabwo byazaramba. Hakenewe gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo uturere duhabwe uburyo bwo kubaherekeza n’igihe basoje ayo masomo yabo.”

Aha niho, bamwe mu baturage bavuga ko hari igihe uruhare mu gufasha uwafunzwe ruhabwa Leta kandi buri wese arufite. Umwe mu baturage ati “Amategeko akora ibyayo agakura umunyacyaha muri sosiyete. Niba akuwemo nategurwe kuzagaruka atakiri wa wundi. Niba ari abigishwa imyuga bayigishwe, niba ari abaganirizwa baganirizwe. Hejuru y’ibyo ariko hategurwe na sosiyete igomba kwakira abo bantu. Ese nk’iyo urwo rubyiruko ruvuye IWAWA rwerekeza he? Rugera mu turere ruvukamo ruzi iyo myuga ntirubone urwakira. Abaturanyi bagakomeza kurubona muri ya ndorerwamo rwafatiwemo. Uwo muntu iyo adakurikiranwe kabiri, gatatu, asubira mu ngeso ibyo yatanzweho mbere byose bikaba imfabusa.’’

Uretse aho mu bigo bitandukanye byashyizweho, umubare w’imanza uriyongera mu nkiko, bivuze ko umubare w’imfungwa n’abagororwa bakatirwa nawo ari uko. Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Urugaga rw’Abavoka, Me Nkundabarashi Moise avuga ko ,kuba abantu benshi bakurikiranwa bafunzwe kandi umubare wabo ukaba uri hejuru ari ikibazo gikwiriye kuvugutirwa umuti kuko bashobora no gukurikiranwa badafunze kandi ubutabera bugatangwa. Ati “mu mahame agenga ubutabera nshinjabyaha bigaragara ko kuburana umuntu adafunze ari ihame, ariko biragaragara ko irengayobora ariryo rishyirwa mu bikorwa, birakwiye ko twikosora […] Birashoboka ko dushobora gukurikirana abantu badafunze kandi ubutabera bugatangwa.” Ibi Me Nkundabarashi yabitangaje ubwo hafungurwaga umwaka w’ubucamanza 2023-2024.

Uyu utifuje gutangaza amazina ye yari umuyobozi w’ikigo cy’ishuri mu karere ka Ruhango. Mu mwaka wa 2019, yashinjwe kunyereza umutungo we na bagenzi be. Nyuma y’ibyumweru bitatu bafungiye mu bugenzacyaha no mushinjacyaha urukiko rwasanze nta mpamvu zo kubakurikirana bafunze burabarekura bakurikiranwa bari hanze, bakajya bitaba ubushinjacyaha rimwe mu kwezi. Nyuma y’amezi atandatu bitaba baje kuburanira mu Rukiko rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga. Mu byaha bine baregwaga, bibiri babibaho abere ibindi barabihamywa. Bajuririra urukiko rukuru I Nyanza. Mu mwaka wa 2022 nabyo babigirwaho abere. Byose byabaye bari hanze, bitaba uko babisabwe kandi ntibatorotse.

Uru ni urugero rumwe muri nyinshi rw’uko gukurikiranwa umuntu ari hanze, iyo umucamanza abishatse, bishoboka kandi ntibigire ingaruka ku butabera. Umugore w’uyu mugabo ati “ibaze iyo aba yarakurikiranwaga afunze uko yari gusanga turiho nyuma y’imyaka itatu. Nubwo yahise ahagarikwa ku kazi yakoraga ariko nibura muri icyo gihe ari hanze, yabaga adushakishiriza imibereho tumubona, turi kumwe.” Hari abandi ibyo bidashobokera, bagakurikiranwa bafunze, bagirwa abere bagasanga ibyabo, imiryango yabo n’ibindi bikorwa byabarebaga byarazambye kandi ntibabe baregera indishyi kuko basa n’abiruhukije iyi bavuye muri gereza bavuga bati “haguma ubuzima ibintu ni ibishakwa.”

Me Nkundabarashi agaragaza ko abacamanza kugeza ubu baremerewe n’amadosiye menshi y’imanza bagomba guca, aho mu mwaka wa 2005 baciye izirenga ibihumbi 37, ariko ngo hageze muri 2022/2023 baca imanza zigera ku 91,381.Avuga ko kuba buri mucamanza agomba guca izitari munsi ya 49 ku kwezi. Ni ukuvuga guca imanza zitari munsi y’ebyiri ku munsi kandi akora iminsi itarenze 20 ku kwezi. Ku musesenguzi akaba n’umunyamakuru Karegeya Jean Baptiste ibi bituruka hasi. “Irondo, polisi, gitifu barafata uwitwaye nabi bose bakajyana muri kasho. Guhitamo ngo ujya parike ni uwuhe buri wese akabyikuraho ngo badakeka ko yariyemo, bakohereza kuri parike. Umucamanza nawe kuri wa mwanya mukeya no kugira ngo ashake ibimenyetso akaba aguhaye iminsi 30, yagira Imana yabona ibimenyetso bishinja umuntu, akamukatira.” Kuri Karegeya, ubwinshi bw’imanza bwica ubwiza bw’imanza zicibwa (la quantité tue la qualité) bigatera ubucucike ndetse n’akarengane hamwe na hamwe.

Umuyobozi w’Impuzamiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu CLADHO, Dr. Emmanuel Safari ubwo yari mu kiganiro ‘’Urubuga rw’Itangazamakuru’’ kinyura kuri Radio Isango star n’andi maradiyo bafatanyije, muri Kamena umwaka ushize, nawe yavuze ko kimwe mu bikomeza gutuma ubucucike muri Gereza butumbagira ari ukuba abantu bafashwe bakekwaho ibyaha benshi, baruhukirizwa muri gereza kabone nubwo baba bakekwaho ibyaha byoroheje. Yagize ati “Usanga umuntu akora akantu gato agafungwa.. Ntabwo hariya hantu ari ho hagorora gusa, no mu muryango baragorora.”

Semukanya utuye mu mujyi wa Kigali nawe asanga hari ukundi byakagenze. Kuri we, Urwego rw’u Rwanda rushinzwe Igorora ntacyo rwashinjwa nta n’icyo rudakora kuko ruba rwahawe abo gufunga. Ahubwo abacamanza ni bo bagombye kureba niba uyu cyangwa uyu akwiye gufungwa, niba yakurikiranwa ari hanze agize icyo atanga, cyangwa yitaba mu gihe runaka…

Mu gushaka uburyo dosiye zishyikirizwa inkiko zagabanyuka, Leta y’u Rwanda yafashe ingamba zitandukanye. Umuyobozi Mukuru muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ushinzwe guhuza Ibikorwa by’Urwego rw’Ubutabera, Nabahire Anastase, avuga ko mu mategeko yo mu Rwanda hongewemo uburyo bwatuma abakekwaho ibyaha cyangwa ababihamijwe bakurikiranwa badafunze, burimo ubwo kwambika abakurikiranwe ibikomo by’ikoranabuhanga, imirimo nsimburagifungo ndetse n’ingwate z’amafaranga.

Nubwo zimwe mu mpinduka ziteganywa n’iyi politiki zitahise zitangira gushyirwa mu bikorwa, ariko hatangiye gukorwa ibizatuma ubwo buryo butangira gukoreshwa. Urugero Minisiteri y’Ubutabera iri gutegura itegeko rizatuma imirimo nsimburagifungo itangira gukorwa aho kugira ngo umuntu afungirwe ibyaha bito akaba yakora imirimo ifitiye Igihugu akamaro. Impinduka zabaye mu mategeko yaba mu riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ndetse n’iryekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, zirimo ko ibyaha byoroheje nk’icyo kutabasha kwishyura icyo umuntu yakoresheje mu tubari cyangwa muri resitora ndetse n’ubujura buto nk’ubw’imyaka n’amatungo, ababikoze bajya bahanishwa gukora imirimo nsimburagifungo.

Muri ubwo buryo bwo kugabanya dosiye zifunga, Umushinjacyaha Mukuru, Aimable Havugiyaremye, avuga ko ubushinjacyaha nabwo bwihaye intego yo kugabanya dosiye buregera inkiko, mu kwimakaza inzira zo gukemura amakimbirane hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo buteganywa n’amategeko. Muri ubu harimo nk’ubwumvikane bushingiye ku kwemera icyaha, aho uregwa aganira n’ubushinjacyaha, mbere y’iperereza cyangwa mbere y’urubanza. Ubu bwumvikane bushingiye ku kwemera icyaha kandi bubaho ku bushake bw’ukekwaho icyaha n’ubushinjacyaha. Buzwi nka ‘Plea Burgaining’. Hari kandi n’ubuhuza (mediation) ndetse no guca ihazabu. Kuri ubu buryo, Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwihaye intego ko 50% y’amadosiye aregerwa Ubushinjacyaha, yakemuka hatabayeho kuregera inkiko. Ati “Uyu muhigo twawugezeho, aho 51% y’amadosiye yagarukiye mu Bushinjacyaha ataregewe Inkiko.”

Nanone kandi Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwihaye intego yo kugabanya umubare w’abantu baregerwa inkiko bafunze, aho bwifuzaga ko 60% y’amadosiye bwakira, bazajya bakurikiranwa badafunze. Ati “Tukaba twarabigezeho ku kigero cya 48%. Bivuze ko amadosiye yarimo abafunze bageze kuri 48% twabafunguye kugira ngo bakurikiranwe badafunze.” Gusa Umushinjacyaha Mukuru avuga ko hari n’ibyaha bikomeje kwiyongera, ku buryo hakenewe ingamba zo kubirwanya, zigomba guhurirwaho n’inzego zinyuranye.

Nubwo ubutabera bukora ibyabwo, ubushinjacyaha bugashyiraho ingamba, ngo birakwiye ko n’umuryango nyarwanda usobanurirwa ko gukurikiranwa umuntu adafunze bitavuga ko ubutabera butari gutangwa. Henshi iyo uwakoreye icyaha agaragaye hanze adafunze, benshi bakunze kubyita intege nke z’ubutabera, bagashinja ababishinzwe ruswa cyangwa kwirengagiza ibirego byatanzwe.

Muri sosiyete yaciye muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ingaruka zayo, intambara, byiyongera ku bindi bibazo bitandukanye birimo ubushomeri, ubukene … ni ngombwa ko abaturage bumva ko gufunga buri gihe atari umuti, ko ahubwo uhanwa hari n’ubundi buryo akurikiranwamo hanze kandi ntibibuze ubutabera kuba bwatanzwe. Gusa, urugendo ku ihana ridafunga ruracyari rurerure nubwo ingamba z’ihinduramyumvire mu butabera zatangiye.

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