Irindimuka rya NOKIA yari yihariye isoko mpuzamahanga rya telefone

NOKIA ni uruganda rw�ikoranabuhanga mu by�itumanaho rwo muri Finland rwashinzwe mu mwaka w�1865 n�abagabo batatu: umushoramari enjenyeri Fredrik Idestam, umushoramari akaba n’umunyepolitiki Prof. Leon Mechelin n’umushoramari w’umunyepolitiki Eduard Pol�n bose bakomokaga muri iki gihugu.

Uru ruganda rufite amateka akomeye mu itumanaho riteye imbere ryifashisha telefone zigendanwa, by�umwihariko kuva mu myaka y�1990 kugeza mu 2007 ubwo Apple Inc. yakoraga telefone igezweho ya mbere ya iPhone.

Ikinyamakuru Medium mu nkuru cyashyize hanze tariki ya 24 Nyakanga 2018, cyagaragaje ko mu Kwakira 1998 uruganda Nokia ari rwo rwagurishije telefone nyinshi ku Isi.

Ibihe byari byiza kuri Nokia kuko kubera kwiharira isoko mpuzamahanga ku kigero kiri hejuru, telefone yagurishije mu mwaka w�1999 zayihesheje inyungu y�amadolari agera kuri miliyari 4, yikubye kane ugereranyije na miliyari 1 yo mu 1995.

Mu mwaka w�2003, Nokia yamuritse telefone nshya ya Nokia 1100, irakundwa cyane ndetse mu mateka yayo iri mu zaguzwe cyane zakozwe n�uru ruganda.

Icyashara cya Nokia cyatangiye gukomwa mu nkokora na mukeba wayo Apple yashyize hanze telefone ya mbere igezweho ya iPhone tariki ya 29 Kamena 2007. Mu mpera z�uyu mwaka, Nokia yihariye isoko mpuzamahanga ku kigero cya 50.9%, iPhone ifataho 5%.

Mu mwaka w�2010, Nokia yari ikomeje kotswa igitutu ku isoko mpuzamahanga na yo yashyize hanze telefone igezweho (smartphone), iyita ’Nokia N97’. Abasesenguzi mu by�ikoranabuhanga bayise ’iPhone Killer�’kuko bari biteze ko ishobora kuryamira iPhone yari imaze imyaka 3 icuruzwa.

**Steve Jobs uyobora Apple Inc. ubwo yamurikaga iPhone ya mbere**

Ikinyamakuru Helsinki Times cyo muri Finland tariki ya 3 Ukwakira 2019 cyatangaje ko Nokia N97 itabashije kuganza imbaraga za iPhone n�izindi telefone zadukaga kuko zo zakoreshaga sisitemu y�ikoranabuhanga (Operating System: OS) ya iOS cyangwa Android, mu gihe yo yakoreshaga iya ’Symbian OS’ itarashoboraga gutanga zimwe muri serivisi z�ingenzi.

Abakeba baciye intege Nokia, ibura ikindi yakora kugira ngo yigarurire isoko mpuzamahanga yari ikomeje kwamburwa mu buryo bw�umusubirizo. Byageze aho igenza gake serivisi yo gukora telefone.

Nokia yashyize imbaraga muri serivisi yo gutanga interineti yihuta. Kuri uyu wa 23 Mutarama 2023, Perezida warwo, Jenni Lukander, yatangaje ko bagiranye amasezerano mashya n�uruganda rwa Samsung yo kurutiza ikoranabuhanga rya 5G.

Amagambo Lukander yavuze kuri Samsung ashimangira ko Nokia itakiri mu ihiganwa ryo gukora telefone. Yagize ati: "Samsung irayoboye mu gukora telefone zigezweho kandi twishimiye kuba twagiranye amasezerano y�ubucuti."

Abashakashatsi babonye ikibazo mu micungire ya Nokia

Prof. Tim Vuori wigisha isomo rya ’Strategic Management’ muri kaminuza ya Aalto University iherereye mu mujyi wa Espoo muri Finland na Prof. Qui Huy wigisha muri kaminuza ya INSEAD muri Singapore bakoze ubushakashatsi buhuriweho ku irindimuka rya Nokia.

Mu mwaka w�2015, bashyize hanze ubu bushakashatsi, babuha umutwe ugira uti ’Distributed Attention and Shared Emotion in the Innovation Process: How Nokia Lost the Smartphone Battle� (Gushishoza Guhererekanyijwe no Gusangira Amarangamutima mu Nzira y�Udushya: Uko Nokia Yatsinzwe Urugamba rwa Telefone Zigezweho).

Muri rusange muri ubu bushakashatsi, Prof. Vuori na Huy bagiranye ibiganiro n�abayobozi bo muri Nokia bo hejuru n�abo hagati, ba enjenyeri ndetse n�abahanga mu by�imicungire y�ibigo badakorera muri uru ruganda, nyuma bafata umwanzuro w�uko ibintu byapfiriye hatatu: kubura ikoranabuhanga rifite imbaraga, igitugu cy’abayobozi bo hejuru no kubura icyerekezo.

Prof. Vuori na Huy babonye ko muri Nokia habagamo ubwoba, aho abakozo bo hasi n’abayobozi bo hagati (middle managers) batinyaga kubwira abo hejuru ukuri, kubera imungenge z’uko bashoboraga kwirukanwa, ntibagaragaza intege nke za sisitemu y�ikoranabuhanga ya Symbian OS.

Aba bakozi n’abayobozi bo hagati babwiye aba bashakashatsi ko abayobozi bo hejuru babateraga ubwoba, babashinja kubura ubushobozi bwo kugeza uruganda ku ntego yarwo. Byageze aho abato bajya babeshya abakuru, bakabizeza ko ibintu biri kujya ku murongo muzima.

Abashakashatsi basanze abayobozi bo hejuru muri Nokia batari bafite ubushobozi tekiniki bwo gusesengura imikorere y�ikoranabuhana ry�abakeba, kugira ngo bafate imyanzuro y�ibigomba gukorwa, ahubwo bagatekereza gusa ku ntego z�igihe gito nko kwihutira gukora telefone zigezweho zigifite OS ya Symbian.